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A characterization of transcriptomic changes in autism spectrum disorder points to shared cortical alterations that result in profound changes in neuronal gene transcription, long non-coding RNA transcription, cortical patterning and glial function.
It is not known how mammals sense potentially life-threatening reductions in oxygen in the ambient air, but a novel mechanism has been found in mice that involves a novel subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons that express the soluble guanylate cyclase GUCY1β2.
The stage-specific regulation of sets of enhancers by the 'programming' transcription factor islet 1 regulates the transcription of effector genes during motor neuron differentiation.
Neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are highly heterogeneous and project to a range of different brain regions. Morales and Margolis summarize recent efforts to characterise VTA neurons, dissect their circuitry and understand their roles in motivation- and reward-related behaviours.
In neurofeedback, an individual receives online feedback of their neural activity to facilitate self-regulation of a brain region and, as a result, a particular behaviour or pathology. In this Review, the authors examine how this technique has been used and its underlying mechanisms.
Lewy pathology (LP) and neuronal death in clinical Parkinson disease (cPD) have been attributed to the simple spread of misfolded α-synuclein. Surmeieret al. show that the pattern of pathology in cPD is not consistent with this simple model, suggesting that cell-autonomous factors also contribute to pathogenesis.
Neuroimaging techniques are increasingly applied by the wider neuroscience community. However, problems such as low statistical power, flexibility in data analysis and software issues pose challenges to interpreting neuroimaging data in a meaningful and reliable way. Here, Poldracket al. discuss these and other problems, and suggest solutions.
