Nature Reviews Neuroscience http://www.nature.com/nrn/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © 2008 Nature Publishing Group Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1471-003X © 2008 Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com Nature Reviews Neuroscience http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nrn_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/nrn/ Hippocampal and perirhinal functions in recognition memory http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2154-c1 I would like to correct a statement that was made by Squireet al. in a recent Review of recognition memory. On page 879, the Review states that 'In one study in monkeys72, 34% of hippocampal cells responded differently Hippocampal and perirhinal functions in recognition memory

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 405 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2154-c1

Author: Malcolm W. Brown

I would like to correct a statement that was made by Squireet al. in a recent Review of recognition memory. On page 879, the Review states that 'In one study in monkeys72, 34% of hippocampal cells responded differently

]]> Hippocampal and perirhinal functions in recognition memory Malcolm W. Brown doi:10.1038/nrn2154-c1 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 405 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Correspondence 405 405 Review authors' response http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2154-c2 Brown objects to a statement in our review that, in his study with monkeys, 34% of hippocampal cells responded differently depending on whether the stimulus was familiar or novel. If familiarity and novelty were defined as Brown defines them, then our statement Review authors' response

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 405 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2154-c2

Authors: Larry R. Squire, John T. Wixted & Robert E. Clark

Brown objects to a statement in our review that, in his study with monkeys, 34% of hippocampal cells responded differently depending on whether the stimulus was familiar or novel. If familiarity and novelty were defined as Brown defines them, then our statement

]]> Review authors' response Larry R. Squire John T. Wixted Robert E. Clark doi:10.1038/nrn2154-c2 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 405 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Author Reply 405 405 Metaplasticity: tuning synapses and networks for plasticity http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2356 Synaptic plasticity is a key component of the learning machinery in the brain. It is vital that such plasticity be tightly regulated so that it occurs to the proper extent at the proper time. Activity-dependent mechanisms that have been collectively termed metaplasticity have evolved to Metaplasticity: tuning synapses and networks for plasticity

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 387 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2356

Author: Wickliffe C. Abraham

Synaptic plasticity is a key component of the learning machinery in the brain. It is vital that such plasticity be tightly regulated so that it occurs to the proper extent at the proper time. Activity-dependent mechanisms that have been collectively termed metaplasticity have evolved to

]]> Metaplasticity: tuning synapses and networks for plasticity Wickliffe C. Abraham doi:10.1038/nrn2356 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 387 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Review 387 387 GABAA receptor trafficking and its role in the dynamic modulation of neuronal inhibition http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2370 GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) type A receptors (GABAARs) mediate most fast synaptic inhibition in the mammalian brain, controlling activity at both the network and the cellular levels. The diverse functions of GABA in the CNS are matched not just by the heterogeneity of GABA GABAA receptor trafficking and its role in the dynamic modulation of neuronal inhibition

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 331 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2370

Authors: Tija C. Jacob, Stephen J. Moss & Rachel Jurd

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) type A receptors (GABAARs) mediate most fast synaptic inhibition in the mammalian brain, controlling activity at both the network and the cellular levels. The diverse functions of GABA in the CNS are matched not just by the heterogeneity of GABA

]]> GABAA receptor trafficking and its role in the dynamic modulation of neuronal inhibition Tija C. Jacob Stephen J. Moss Rachel Jurd doi:10.1038/nrn2370 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 331 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Review 331 343 Plasticity of intrinsic neuronal properties in CNS disorders http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2371 The input–output relationship of neuronal networks depends both on their synaptic connectivity and on the intrinsic properties of their neuronal elements. In addition to altered synaptic properties, profound changes in intrinsic neuronal properties are observed in many CNS disorders. These changes reflect alterations in the Plasticity of intrinsic neuronal properties in CNS disorders

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 357 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2371

Authors: Heinz Beck & Yoel Yaari

The input–output relationship of neuronal networks depends both on their synaptic connectivity and on the intrinsic properties of their neuronal elements. In addition to altered synaptic properties, profound changes in intrinsic neuronal properties are observed in many CNS disorders. These changes reflect alterations in the

]]> Plasticity of intrinsic neuronal properties in CNS disorders Heinz Beck Yoel Yaari doi:10.1038/nrn2371 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 357 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Review 357 369 General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal pathways of sleep and arousal http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2372 The mechanisms through which general anaesthetics, an extremely diverse group of drugs, cause reversible loss of consciousness have been a long-standing mystery. Gradually, a relatively small number of important molecular targets have emerged, and how these drugs act at the molecular level is becoming clearer. General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal pathways of sleep and arousal

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 370 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2372

Author: Nicholas P. Franks

The mechanisms through which general anaesthetics, an extremely diverse group of drugs, cause reversible loss of consciousness have been a long-standing mystery. Gradually, a relatively small number of important molecular targets have emerged, and how these drugs act at the molecular level is becoming clearer.

]]> General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal pathways of sleep and arousal Nicholas P. Franks doi:10.1038/nrn2372 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 370 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Review 370 386 Actin in action: the interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and synaptic efficacy http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2373 Synapse regulation exploits the capacity of actin to function as a stable structural component or as a dynamic filament. Beyond its well-appreciated role in eliciting visible morphological changes at the synapse, the emerging picture points to an active contribution of actin to the modulation of Actin in action: the interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and synaptic efficacy

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 344 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2373

Authors: Lorenzo A. Cingolani & Yukiko Goda

Synapse regulation exploits the capacity of actin to function as a stable structural component or as a dynamic filament. Beyond its well-appreciated role in eliciting visible morphological changes at the synapse, the emerging picture points to an active contribution of actin to the modulation of

]]> Actin in action: the interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and synaptic efficacy Lorenzo A. Cingolani Yukiko Goda doi:10.1038/nrn2373 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 344 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Review 344 356 Glia: Space invaders http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2375 Our understanding of the roles of glia in the nervous system has changed drastically in a relatively short time. Astrocytes are now recognized to be much more than 'space-fillers', and it has been shown that cortical astrocyte processes are organized according to strict rules. New Glia: Space invaders

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 328 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2375

Author: Katherine Whalley

Our understanding of the roles of glia in the nervous system has changed drastically in a relatively short time. Astrocytes are now recognized to be much more than 'space-fillers', and it has been shown that cortical astrocyte processes are organized according to strict rules. New

]]> Glia: Space invaders Katherine Whalley doi:10.1038/nrn2375 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 328 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 328 329 Synaptic plasticity: A depressing TRP http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2376 The transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels has become one of the hottest areas of research; however, little is known about these channels' function in the brain. Kauer and colleagues now reveal that one family member, TRPV1, has a role in a Synaptic plasticity: A depressing TRP

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 324 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2376

Author: Katherine Whalley

The transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels has become one of the hottest areas of research; however, little is known about these channels' function in the brain. Kauer and colleagues now reveal that one family member, TRPV1, has a role in a

]]> Synaptic plasticity: A depressing TRP Katherine Whalley doi:10.1038/nrn2376 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 324 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 324 324 Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2377 Nature Reviews Neuroscience9, 255–266 (2008)In Box 2, part a of the above article, the traces representing stimulus onset were incorrectly aligned with the rasters and histograms representing the neuron's responses. The corrected figure is shown below. Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 406 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2377

Author: Barry E. Stein & Terrence R. Stanford

Nature Reviews Neuroscience9, 255–266 (2008)In Box 2, part a of the above article, the traces representing stimulus onset were incorrectly aligned with the rasters and histograms representing the neuron's responses. The corrected figure is shown below.

]]> Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron Barry E. Stein Terrence R. Stanford doi:10.1038/nrn2377 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 406 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Corrigendum 406 406 Cell fate: The path to neurogenesis http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2378 Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the mammalian brain are multipotent: they can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes during development and in healthy adults. However, the factors that influence NPC differentiation remain poorly characterized. A new study shows that, in mice, the cellular redox state Cell fate: The path to neurogenesis

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 329 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2378

Author: Craig Nicholson

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the mammalian brain are multipotent: they can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes during development and in healthy adults. However, the factors that influence NPC differentiation remain poorly characterized. A new study shows that, in mice, the cellular redox state

]]> Cell fate: The path to neurogenesis Craig Nicholson doi:10.1038/nrn2378 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 329 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 329 329 Neurogenetics: Unusual suspects http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2380 That genetics plays a part in schizophrenia has been established for some time, yet it is still unknown how the various gene mutations that have been associated with schizophrenia contribute to the disorder. The idea that multiple common mutations, each of which slightly increases the Neurogenetics: Unusual suspects

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 326 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2380

Author: Katherine Whalley

That genetics plays a part in schizophrenia has been established for some time, yet it is still unknown how the various gene mutations that have been associated with schizophrenia contribute to the disorder. The idea that multiple common mutations, each of which slightly increases the

]]> Neurogenetics: Unusual suspects Katherine Whalley doi:10.1038/nrn2380 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 326 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 326 327 Neuroanatomy: A split (mid)brain for dopamine http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2381 Dopamine is a versatile neurotransmitter that has a role in movement and many aspects of cognition. Lammel et al. have now characterized two types of neurons in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system that are not only anatomically segregated, with non-overlapping axonal target regions, but that Neuroanatomy: A split (mid)brain for dopamine

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 326 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2381

Author: Leonie Welberg

Dopamine is a versatile neurotransmitter that has a role in movement and many aspects of cognition. Lammel et al. have now characterized two types of neurons in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system that are not only anatomically segregated, with non-overlapping axonal target regions, but that

]]> Neuroanatomy: A split (mid)brain for dopamine Leonie Welberg doi:10.1038/nrn2381 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 326 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 326 326 Molecular neuroscience: Stress hormones Trk neurons into survival http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2382 Glucocorticoids have a bad reputation. However, although these stress hormones can be neurotoxic in high levels, they are also required for neuronal survival, and they promote neuronal growth and differentiation and support synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Chao and colleagues now show that, in rats, Molecular neuroscience: Stress hormones Trk neurons into survival

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 328 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2382

Author: Leonie Welberg

Glucocorticoids have a bad reputation. However, although these stress hormones can be neurotoxic in high levels, they are also required for neuronal survival, and they promote neuronal growth and differentiation and support synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Chao and colleagues now show that, in rats,

]]> Molecular neuroscience: Stress hormones Trk neurons into survival Leonie Welberg doi:10.1038/nrn2382 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 328 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 328 329 Microglia: Giving out dangerous signals http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2383 Microglia mediate potent innate immune responses to both infectious and traumatic challenges. However, they are not always neuroprotective, as upon activation they can accelerate neurodegeneration. The precise mechanism by which this happens is unclear. Now, Lehnardt et al. report that release of the heat-shock Microglia: Giving out dangerous signals

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 326 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2383

Author: Monica Hoyos Flight

Microglia mediate potent innate immune responses to both infectious and traumatic challenges. However, they are not always neuroprotective, as upon activation they can accelerate neurodegeneration. The precise mechanism by which this happens is unclear. Now, Lehnardt et al. report that release of the heat-shock

]]> Microglia: Giving out dangerous signals Monica Hoyos Flight doi:10.1038/nrn2383 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 326 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 326 327 Botoxic transportation http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2384 It is widely known that Botox exerts its wrinkle-decreasing effects through its toxicity for nerve cells: it was considered to be safe for clinical use because those effects were thought to be localized to the site of its injection. There is growing concern, however, that Botoxic transportation

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 325 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2384

Author: Craig Nicholson

It is widely known that Botox exerts its wrinkle-decreasing effects through its toxicity for nerve cells: it was considered to be safe for clinical use because those effects were thought to be localized to the site of its injection. There is growing concern, however, that

]]> Botoxic transportation Craig Nicholson doi:10.1038/nrn2384 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 325 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 325 325 From the editors http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2385 Neuronal excitability is to a large extent controlled by the type and number of receptors and ion channels present on the cell surface. On page 331 of this issue, Moss and colleagues authoritatively review the regulation of the composition of GABAA receptors From the editors

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 321 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2385

Neuronal excitability is to a large extent controlled by the type and number of receptors and ion channels present on the cell surface. On page 331 of this issue, Moss and colleagues authoritatively review the regulation of the composition of GABAA receptors

]]> From the editors doi:10.1038/nrn2385 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 321 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 From The Editors 321 321 Choices in neuroscience careers http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2386 How do I choose a mentor? How do I decide what field of neuroscience to work in? Should I consider doing research in industry? Most students and postdoctoral researchers aiming for a successful career in neuroscience ask themselves these questions. In this article, Nature Reviews Choices in neuroscience careers

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 401 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2386

Author: Tamas Bartfai, Tom Insel, Gord Fishell & Nancy Rothwell

How do I choose a mentor? How do I decide what field of neuroscience to work in? Should I consider doing research in industry? Most students and postdoctoral researchers aiming for a successful career in neuroscience ask themselves these questions. In this article, Nature Reviews

]]> Choices in neuroscience careers Tamas Bartfai Tom Insel Gord Fishell Nancy Rothwell doi:10.1038/nrn2386 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 401 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Perspective 401 405 Neuroprotection: Staying active = staying alive http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2387 Overactivation of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) can lead to excitotoxicity, possibly through the production of free radicals. However, Hardingham and colleagues now show that NMDAR activity in synapses, but not at extra-synaptic sites, in fact has neuroprotective effects through stimulation of Neuroprotection: Staying active = staying alive

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 325 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2387

Author: Leonie Welberg

Overactivation of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) can lead to excitotoxicity, possibly through the production of free radicals. However, Hardingham and colleagues now show that NMDAR activity in synapses, but not at extra-synaptic sites, in fact has neuroprotective effects through stimulation of

]]> Neuroprotection: Staying active = staying alive Leonie Welberg doi:10.1038/nrn2387 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 325 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 325 325 In brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2388 NeurogeneticsNPY In brief

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 324 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2388

NeurogeneticsNPY

]]> In brief doi:10.1038/nrn2388 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 324 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 324 324 In brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2389 NeuroimagingThe maturing architecture of the brain's default networkFair, D. A.et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105, 4028–4032 (2008)The 'default network' consists of brain areas in which activity decreases during goal-oriented tasks. The In brief

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 327 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2389

NeuroimagingThe maturing architecture of the brain's default networkFair, D. A.et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105, 4028–4032 (2008)The 'default network' consists of brain areas in which activity decreases during goal-oriented tasks. The

]]> In brief doi:10.1038/nrn2389 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 327 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 327 327 Neurodegenerative disease: Understanding and preventing total catastrophe http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2390 Polyglutamine diseases are progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the presence of extended CAG repeats in specific genes, such as ataxin 1; these repeats lead to the generation of polyglutamine-expanded (polyQ) proteins. The mechanism by which polyQ proteins cause disease is not known. One study Neurodegenerative disease: Understanding and preventing total catastrophe

Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 323 (2008). doi:10.1038/nrn2390

Author: Claudia Wiedemann

Polyglutamine diseases are progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the presence of extended CAG repeats in specific genes, such as ataxin 1; these repeats lead to the generation of polyglutamine-expanded (polyQ) proteins. The mechanism by which polyQ proteins cause disease is not known. One study

]]> Neurodegenerative disease: Understanding and preventing total catastrophe Claudia Wiedemann doi:10.1038/nrn2390 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 323 (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 5 Research Highlight 323 323