Glossary terms
ENDOREDUPLICATION
A modified cell cycle in which DNA replication continues in the absence of mitosis and cytokinesis.
PROTODERMAL CELL
A young epidermal cell that has not yet differentiated into a specialized cell type.
MYB-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
A transcription factor that contains a DNA-binding domain that shows sequence similarity to vMYB, the first-described member of this family.
BASIC HELIX–LOOP–HELIX (BHLH) FACTOR
A protein that contains two 
-helices separated by a loop (the HLH domain), which binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner.
WD40 PROTEIN
A 40-amino-acid-long protein motif that contains a WD dipeptide at its carboxy terminus. This domain is found in many functionally diverse proteins and mediates protein–protein interactions.
CORTEX CELL
The tissue between the vascular bundle and the epidermis. In A. thaliana, this is a single cell layer.
PLASMODESMATA
Cell–cell connections in plants through which macromolecules, including RNA and proteins, can be transported in a regulated manner.
B-TYPE AND D-TYPE CYCLINS
Cyclins regulate cell-cycle progression through interactions with cyclin-dependent protein kinases. B-type cyclins regulate entry into mitosis, whereas D-type cyclins are important in G1 phase and, in plants, also for entry into mitosis.
DNA TOPOISOMERASE
An enzyme that can cleave and religate the DNA to allow a more relaxed DNA configuration.
DECATENATE
During DNA replication, sister duplex molecules become interlinked (catenated). Decatenation is the separation of two entangled chromosomes.
UBIQUITIN E3 LIGASE
An enzyme that attaches ubiquitin to a protein, thereby marking it for degradation in the proteasome.
PRE-PROPHASE BAND
A dense band of microtubules at the cell cortex that appears before the start of cell division in plants. Its position marks the future division plane.
PHRAGMOPLAST
A fibrous structure between the daughter nuclei at telophase in plant cells; also known as the cell plate.
ARP2/3 COMPLEX
(Actin-related protein 2/3). A multi-protein complex that consists of seven different proteins and initiates new actin filaments on pre-existing ones.
CHROMOCENTRE
A region in plant chromosomes that comprises heterochromatin and coincides with centromeres during meiosis.
