FIGURE 1 | Vascular-pattern formation.

a | The vascular system is composed of phloem (green, Ph), procambium (and/or vascular cambium; yellow, Pr) and xylem (Xy) that contains tracheary elements (grey) and xylem parenchyma cells (red), which make a distinct radial pattern of vascular bundles depending on the organ and plant species. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 120 © (1982) John Wiley & Sons Inc. b | Four distinct radial patterns of phloem and xylem (red) within vascular bundles. c | The procambium, stained blue to show the promoter activity of the HD-ZIP-III homeobox gene AtHB8, is formed as continuous columns of cells in embryos. In seedlings, the shoot and root meristems produce procambial cells to keep the continuity of vascular bundles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 119 © (2000) Shujyunsha Co. Ltd. d | van3 mutants have a fragmented vascular network in a cotyledon (right) compared with that in a wild-type cotyledon (left)¹⁴. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 14 © (2000) The Company of Biologists Ltd.

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