Figure 5 | Regulatory elements of Tie1 and Tie2 genes.   a | Regulatory regions of Tie1 and Tie2 genes and elements associated with endothelial cell-specific expression are shown. The AflII–ApaI mouse Tie1 promoter fragment contains all the DNA elements necessary to direct expression of heterologous genes in endothelial cells^{50, 105}. In Tie2, the endothelial regulatory elements are distributed in both the proximal promoter and in the large first intron (in the NcoI–XbaI fragment)^{49, 106}. The consensus binding sites for factors that are important for the promoter/enhancer activities are indicated in the figure. The regulatory regions share several DNA motifs including putative binding sites for the Ets transcription factors (Ets and PEA) as well as an octamer (Oct) factor binding site. In addition, a putative transcription-factor-binding site for AP2 is found in the Tie1 promoter and sites for NFS (nuclear factor S), bZIP (basic leucine zipper protein) and CP2 (CCAAT-binding protein) are found in the Tie2 intronic enhancer. White boxes indicate the non-coding portions of the first exons and black boxes indicate the coding sequences; the arrows with ATG indicate the sites of the translational initiation codons. b | A photomicrograph of Tie1 promoter-driven expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein in blood vessels of the limb of a transgenic mouse embryo at embryonic day 18 (K.I. and K.A., unpublished observations).

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