Key Points
-
Auxins, cytokinins and strigolactones are three classes of hormones that regulate bud activation and thereby regulate shoot branching. These hormones are transported throughout the plant, forming a systemic network that allows the integration of information between different plant organs and with the environment.
-
The identification and characterization in various plant species of a class of highly branching mutants that lack, or are impaired in the perception of, the acropetally transported hormones known as strigolactones was central to recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of shoot branching control.
-
One model for bud activation is based on the auxin transport canalization-based model, which stipulates that an initial flux from an auxin source to an auxin sink is gradually canalized into files of cells with high levels of highly polarized transporters. The process of canalization is driven by a positive feedback loop in which auxin flux upregulates and polarizes auxin efflux facilitators in the direction of the auxin flow, resulting in the formation of auxin transport canals.
-
In the auxin transport canalization-based model for bud activation, buds are considered as auxin sources, and the stem acts as an auxin sink owing to its ability to transport auxin away to the root. Buds must export auxin to be activated, and upon bud activation, auxin transport from active buds reduces the sink strength of the stem, and thus prevents other buds from exporting their auxin.
-
According to an alternative model for bud activation, known as the second messenger model, auxin derived from the shoot apex inhibits bud outgrowth by regulating the production of a second messenger, which moves directly into the bud to control its activity. Cytokinins and strigolactones are two candidate hormones to serve as second messengers.
-
Environmental inputs, such as altered light quality or nutrient deficiency in the soil, affect shoot branching using a network of interacting hormones including auxin, cytokinins and strigolactones. The detailed molecular mechanisms of the integration of the environmental signals into the system remain to be unravelled.
Abstract
Shoot branching is a highly plastic developmental process in which axillary buds are formed in the axil of each leaf and may subsequently be activated to give branches. Three classes of plant hormones, auxins, cytokinins and strigolactones (or strigolactone derivatives) are central to the control of bud activation. These hormones move throughout the plant forming a network of systemic signals. The past decade brought great progress in understanding the mechanisms of shoot branching control. Biological and computational studies have led to the proposal of two models, the auxin transport canalization-based model and the second messenger model, which provide mechanistic explanations for apical dominance.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$189.00 per year
only $15.75 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
De Smet, I. & Jürgens, G. Patterning the axis in plants–auxin in control. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 17, 337–343 (2007).
Lang, G. A., Early, J. D., Darnell, R. D. & Martin, G. C. Endo-, para- and ecodormancy: physiological terminology and classification for dormancy research. HortScience. 22, 371–377 (1987).
Snow, R. The young leaf as the inhibiting organ. New Phytol. 28, 345–358 (1929).
Thimann, K. V. & Skoog, F. Studies on the growth hormone of plants III. The inhibitory action of the growth substance on bud development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 19, 714–716 (1933).
Booker, J. Chatfield, S. & Leyser, O. Auxin acts in xylem-associated or medullary cells to mediate apical dominance. Plant Cell 15, 495–507 (2003).
Prasad, T. K. et al. Does auxin play a role in the release of apical dominance by shoot inversion in Ipomoea nil? Ann. Bot. 71, 223–229 (1993).
Petrásek, J. & Friml, J. Auxin transport routes in plant development. Development 136, 2675–2688 (2009).
Li, C. & Bangerth, F. Autoinihibition of indoleacetic acid transport in the shoot of two-branched pea (Pisum sativum) plants and its relationship to correlative dominance. Physiol. Plant. 106, 415–420 (1999).
Snow, R. The transmission of inhibition through dead stretches of stem. Ann. Bot. 43, 261–267 (1929).
Sachs, T. & Thimann, K. The role of auxins and cytokinins in the release of buds from dominance. Am. J. Bot. 54, 136–144 (1967).
Bangerth, F. Response of cytokinin concentration in the xylem exudates of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants to decapitation and auxin treatment, and relationship to apical dominance. Planta 194, 439–442 (1994).
Beveridge, C. A., Ross, J. J. & Murfet, I. C. Branching in pea: action of genes Rms3 and Rms4. Plant Physiol. 110, 859–865 (1996).
Beveridge, C. A., Symons, G. M., Murfet, I. C., Ross, J. J. & Rameau, C. The rms1 mutant of pea has elevated indole-3-acetic levels and reduced root-sap zeatin riboside content but increased branching controlled by graft-transmissible signal(s). Plant Physiol. 115, 1251–1258 (1997).
Morris, S. E., Turnbull, C. G., Murfet, I. C. & Beveridge, C. A. Mutational analysis of branching in pea. Evidence that Rms1 and Rms5 regulate the same novel signal. Plant Physiol. 126, 1205–1213 (2001).
Napoli, C. Highly branched phenotype of the petunia dad1–1 mutant is reversed by grafting. Plant Physiol. 111, 27–37 (1996).
Simons, J. L., Napoli, C. A., Janssen, B. J., Plummer, K. M. & Snowden, K. C. Analysis of the DECREASED APICAL DOMINANCE genes of petunia in the control of axillary branching. Plant Physiol. 143, 697–706 (2007).
Turnbull, C. G., Booker, J. P. & Leyser, H. M. Micrografting techniques for testing long-distance signalling in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 32, 255–262 (2002).
Sorefan, K. et al. MAX4 and RMS1 are orthologous dioxygenase-like genes that regulate shoot branching in Arabidopsis and pea. Genes Dev. 17, 1469–1474 (2003).
Booker, J. et al. MAX3/CCD7 is a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase required for the synthesis of a novel plant signaling molecule. Curr. Biol. 14, 1232–1238 (2004).
Booker, J. et al. MAX1 encodes a cytochrome P450 family member that acts downstream of MAX3/4 to produce a carotenoid-derived branch-inhibiting hormone. Dev. Cell 8, 443–449 (2005). Shows that the max mutants act in a single genetic pathway that regulates branching by producing the inhibitory hormone strigolactone. It also characterizes MAX1 as a member of the cytochrome P450 family, which is involved in the synthesis of the hormone.
Umehara, M. et al. Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones. Nature 455, 195–200 (2008). Shows that the rice d10 and d17 mutants have lower levels of strigolactones in roots and in root exudates than wild-type plants, and the branching phenotype of these strigolactone biosynthetic mutants is restored to wild-type levels by exogenous strigolactone application. By contrast, the strigolactone signalling mutant d3 has normal or increased levels of strigolactones and cannot be rescued by exogenously applied strigolactones.
Gomez-Roldan, V. et al. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. Nature 455, 189–194 (2008). Shows that the pea rms1 mutant has lower levels of strigolactones than wild-type plants, and branching levels of this strigolactone biosynthetic mutant are restored to wild-type levels by application of exogenous strigolactones. By contrast, the strigolactone signalling mutant rms4 makes strigolactones and cannot be rescued by exogenously applied strigolactones.
Petrásek, J. et al. PIN proteins perform a rate-limiting function in cellular auxin efflux. Science 312, 914–918 (2006).
Wisniewska, J. et al. Polar PIN localization directs auxin flow in plants. Science 312, 883 (2006).
Wolters, H. & Jürgens, G. Survival of the flexible: hormonal growth control and adaptation in plant development. Nature Rev. Genet. 10, 305–317 (2009).
Ljung, K., Bhalerao, R. P. & Sandberg, G. Sites and homeostatic control of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis during vegetative growth. Plant J. 28, 465–474 (2001).
Gälweiler, L. et al. Regulation of polar auxin transport by AtPIN1 in Arabidopsis vascular tissue. Science 282, 2226–2230 (1998).
Tsuchiya, Y. & McCourt, P. Strigolactones: a new hormone with a past. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12, 556–561 (2009).
Akiyama, K., Matsuzaki, K. & Hayashi, H. Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 435, 824–827 (2005).
Kohlen, W. et al. Strigolactones are transported through the xylem and play a key role in shoot architectural response to phosphate deficiency in nonarbuscular mycorrhizal host Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 155, 974–987 (2011).
Chen, C. M., Ertl, J. R., Leisner, S. M. & Chang, C. C. Localization of cytokinin biosynthetic sites in pea plants and carrot roots. Plant Physiol. 78, 510–513 (1985).
Nordström, A. et al., Auxin regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: a factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin-regulated development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 8039–8044 (2004).
Tanaka, M., Takei, K., Kojima, M., Sakakibara, H. & Mori, H. Auxin controls local cytokinin biosynthesis in the nodal stem in apical dominance. Plant J. 45, 1028–1036 (2006).
Zhao, Y. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 61, 49–64 (2010).
Normanly, J. Approaching cellular and molecular resolution of auxin biosynthesis and metabolism. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2, a001594 (2010).
Lehmann, T., Hoffmann, M., Hentrich, M. & Pollmann, S. Indole-3-acetamide-dependent auxin biosynthesis: a widely distributed way of indole-3-acetic acid production? Eur. J. Cell Biol. 89, 895–905 (2010).
Zhao, Y. The role of local biosynthesis of auxin and cytokinin in plant development. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 16–22 (2008).
Werner, T. & Schmülling, T. Cytokinin action in plant development. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12, 527–538 (2009).
Hirose, N. et al. Regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis, compartmentalization and translocation. 59, 75–83 (2008).
Kudo, T., Kiba, T. & Sakakibara, H. Metabolism and long-distance translocation of cytokinins. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 52, 53–60 (2010).
Bennett, T. et al. The Arabidopsis MAX pathway controls shoot branching by regulating auxin transport. Curr. Biol. 16, 553–563 (2006).
Prusinkiewicz, P. et al. Control of bud activation by an auxin transport switch. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 106, 17431–17436 (2009). Presents a computational model for shoot branching control based on auxin transport canalization, and provides supporting experimental evidence from A. thaliana.
Snyder, W. E. Some responses of plants to 2, 3, 5-triiodo-benzoic acid. Plant Physiol. 23, 195–206 (1949).
Lazar, G. & Goodman, H. M. MAX1, a regulator of the flavonoid pathway, controls vegetative axillary bud outgrowth in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 472–476 (2006).
Lin, H. et al. DWARF27, an iron-containing protein required for the biosynthesis of strigolactones, regulates rice tiller bud outgrowth. Plant Cell 21, 1512–1525 (2009).
Sachs, T. The control of patterned differentiation of vascular tissues. Adv. Bot. Res. 9, 151–162 (1981).
Sauer, M. et al. Canalization of auxin flow by Aux/IAA-ARF-dependent feedback regulation of PIN polarity. Genes Dev. 20, 2902–2911 (2006).
Scarpella, E., Marcos, D., Friml, J. & Berleth, T. Control of leaf vascular patterning by polar auxin transport. Genes Dev. 20, 1015–1027 (2006).
Vieten, A. et al. Functional redundancy of PIN proteins is accompanied by auxin-dependent cross-regulation of PIN expression. Development 132, 4521–4531 (2005).
Paciorek, T. et al. Auxin inhibits endocytosis and promotes its own efflux from cells. Nature 435, 1251–1256 (2005).
Heisler, M. G. et al. Patterns of auxin transport and gene expression during primordium development revealed by live imaging of the Arabidopsis inflorescence meristem. Curr. Biol. 15, 1899–1911 (2005).
Robert, S. et al. ABP1 mediates auxin inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in Arabidopsis. Cell 143, 111–121 (2010).
Bayer, E. M. et al. Integration of transport-based models for phyllotaxis and midvein formation. Genes Dev. 23, 373–384 (2009).
Balla, J., Kalousek, P., Reinöhl, V., Friml, J. & Procházka, S. Competitive canalization of PIN-dependent auxin flow from axillary buds controls pea bud outgrowth. Plant J. 65, 571–577 (2011).
Snow, R. On the nature of correlative inhibition. New Phytol. 36, 283–300 (1937).
Ishikawa, S. et al. Suppression of tiller bud activity in tillering dwarf mutants of rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 46, 79–86 (2005).
Zou, J. et al. The rice HIGH-TILLERING DWARF1 encoding an ortholog of Arabidopsis MAX3 is required for negative regulation of the outgrowth of axillary buds. Plant J. 48, 687–698 (2006).
Arite, T. et al. DWARF10, an RMS1/MAX4/DAD1 ortholog, controls lateral bud outgrowth in rice. Plant J. 51, 1019–1029 (2007).
Stirnberg, P., van De Sande, K. & Leyser, H. M. O. MAX1 and MAX2 control shoot lateral branching in Arabidopsis. Development 129, 1131–1141 (2002).
Arite, T. et al. d14, a strigolactone-insensitive mutant of rice, shows an accelerated outgrowth of tillers. Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 1416–1424 (2009).
Liu, W. et al. Identification and characterization of HTD2: a novel gene negatively regulating tiller bud outgrowth in rice. Planta 230, 649–658 (2009).
Gao, Z. et al. Dwarf88, a novel putative esterase gene affecting architecture of rice plant. Plant Mol. Biol. 71, 265–276 (2009).
Johnson, X. et al. Branching genes are conserved across species. Genes controlling a novel signal in pea are co-regulated by other long-distance signals. Plant Physiol. 142, 1014–1026 (2006). Provides evidence for the conservation of the biosynthetic and signalling pathway (later shown to be the strigolactone pathway) between A. thaliana and pea: RMS4 and RMS5 in pea are shown to be orthologous to MAX2 and MAX3 in A. thaliana . Also shows that the strigolactone biosynthetic genes in pea are regulated by auxin, which supports the second messenger model of bud outgrowth control.
Drummond, R. S. et al. Petunia hybrida CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE7 is involved in the production of negative and positive branching signals in petunia. Plant Physiol. 151, 1867–1877 (2009).
Snowden, K. C. et al. The decreased apical dominance1/Petunia hybrida CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE8 gene affects branch production and plays a role in leaf senescence, root growth, and flower development. Plant Cell 17, 746–759 (2005).
Crawford, S. et al. Strigolactones enhance competition between shoot branches by dampening auxin transport. Development 137, 2905–2913 (2010). Shows that strigolactone application reduces PAT and PIN1 accumulation at the membrane, and that strigolactones enhance competition between the buds, supporting the auxin transport canalization-based model.
Brewer, P. B., Dun, E. A., Ferguson, B. J., Rameau, C. & Beveridge, C. A. Strigolactone acts downstream of auxin to regulate bud outgrowth in pea and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 150, 482–493 (2009). Presents results supporting the second messenger model for bud activation, for example by showing that the application of strigolactones directly to the bud inhibits bud activation, and that the branchiness of the A. thaliana auxin response mutant axr1 can be reduced to a wild-type level by exogenous application of strigolactones.
Beveridge, C. A., Symons G. M. & Turnbull C. G. Auxin inhibition of decapitation-induced branching is dependent on graft-transmissible signals regulated by genes Rms1 and Rms2. Plant Physiol. 123, 689–698 (2000).
Liang, J., Zhao, L., Challis, R. & Leyser, O. Strigolactone regulation of shoot branching in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum). J. Exp. Bot. 61, 3069–3078 (2010).
Stirnberg, P., Furner, I. J. & Leyser, H. M. O. MAX2 participates in an SCF complex which acts locally at the node to suppress shoot branching. Plant J. 50, 80–94 (2007).
Foo, E. et al., The branching gene RAMOSUS1 mediates interactions among two novel signals and auxin in pea. Plant Cell 17, 464–474 (2005).
Hayward, A., Stirnberg, P., Beveridge, C. A. & Leyser, O. Interactions between auxin and strigolactone in shoot branching control. Plant Physiol. 151, 400–412 (2009).
Shimizu-Sato, S., Tanaka, M. & Mori, H. Auxin-cytokinin interactions in the control of shoot branching. Plant Mol. Biol. 69, 429–435 (2009).
To, J. P. C. et al. Type-A Arabidopsis response regulators are partially redundant negative regulators of cytokinin signalling. Plant Cell 16, 658–671 (2004).
Morris, S. E., Cox, M. C. H., Ross, J. J., Krisantini, S. & Beveridge, C. A. Auxin dynamics after decapitation are not correlated with the initial growth of axillary buds. Plant Physiol. 138, 1665–1672 (2005).
Doebley, J., Stec, A. & Hubbard, L. The evolution of apical dominance in maize. Nature 386, 485–488 (1997).
Aguilar-Martinez, J. A., Poza-Carrion, C. & Cubas, P. Arabidopsis BRANCHED1 acts as an integrator of branching signals within axillary buds. Plant Cell 19, 458–472 (2007). Identifies TB1 homologues in A. thaliana , which apparently act exclusively in the bud.Identifes a putative role of one of the homologues, BRC1 , as a signal integrator in the regulation of bud activity.
Kebrom, T. H., Burson, B. L. & Finlayson, S. A. Phytochrome B represses Teosinte Branched1 expression and induces sorghum axillary bud outgrowth in response to light signals. Plant Physiol. 140, 1109–1117 (2006).
Takeda, T. et al. The OsTB1 gene negatively regulates lateral branching in rice. Plant J. 33, 513–520 (2003).
Hubbard, L., McSteen, P., Doebley, J. & Hake, S. Expression patterns and mutant phenotype of teosinte branched1 correlate with growth suppression in maize and teosinte. Genetics 162, 1927–1935 (2002).
Minakuchi, K. et al. FINE CULM1 (FC1) works downstream of strigolactones to inhibit the outgrowth of axillary buds in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 51, 1127–1135 (2010).
Turnbull, C. G. N., Raymond, M. A. A., Dodd, I. C. & Morris, S. E. Rapid increases in cytokinin concentration in lateral buds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during release of apical dominance. Planta 202, 271–276 (1997).
Werner, T., Motyka, V., Strand, M. & Schmulling, T. Regulation of plant growth by cytokinin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10487–10492 (2001).
Li, C. & Bangerth, F. Stimulatory effect of cytokinins and interaction with IAA on the release of lateral buds of pea plants from apical dominance. J. Plant Physiol. 160, 1059–1063 (2003).
Franklin, K. A. Shade avoidance. New Phytol. 179, 930–944 (2008).
Finlayson, S. A., Krishnareddy, S. R., Kebrom, T. H. & Casal, J. J. Phytochrome regulation of branching in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 152, 1914–1927 (2010). A detailed study of the role of PHYB in shoot branching control in A. thaliana that links hormonal pathways to PHYB-mediated responses.
Salisbury, F. J., Hall, A., Grierson, C. S. & Halliday, K. J. Phytochrome coordinates Arabidopsis shoot and root development. Plant J. 50, 429–438 (2007).
Devlin, P. F., Yanovsky, M. J. & Kay, S. A. A genomic analysis of the shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 133, 1617–1629 (2003).
Carabelli, M. et al. Canopy shade causes a rapid and transient arrest in leaf development through auxin-induced cytokinin oxidase activity. Genes Dev. 21, 1863–1868 (2007).
Takei, K., Sakakibara, H., Taniguchi, M. & Sugiyama, T. Nitrogen-dependent accumulation of cytokinins in root and the translocation to leaf: implication of cytokinin species that induces gene expression of maize response regulator. Plant Cell Physiol. 42, 85–93 (2001).
Forde, B. G. Local and long-range signaling pathways regulating plant responses to nitrate. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 53, 203–224 (2002).
Takei, K., Takahashi, T., Sugiyama, T., Yamaya, T. & Sakakibara, H. Multiple routes communicating nitrogen availability from roots to shoots: a signal transduction pathway mediated by cytokinin. J. Exp. Bot. 53, 971–977 (2002).
Takei, K. et al. AtIPT3 is a key determinant of nitrate-dependent cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 45, 1053–1062 (2004).
Miyawaki, K., Matsumoto-Kitano, M. & Kakimoto, T. Expression of cytokinin biosynthetic isopentenyltransferase genes in Arabidopsis: tissue specificity and regulation by auxin, cytokinin, and nitrate. Plant J. 37, 128–138 (2004).
Wang, R. et al. Genomic analysis of the nitrate response using a nitrate reductase-null mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 136, 2512–2522 (2004).
Horgan, J. M. & Waering, P. F. Cytokinins and the growth responses of seedlings of Betula pendula Roth. and Acer pseudoplantus L. to nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. J. Exp. Bot. 31, 525–532 (1980).
Lan, P., Li, W. & Fischer, R. Arabidopsis thaliana wild type, pho1, and pho2 mutant plants show different responses to exogenous cytokinins. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 44, 343–350 (2006).
López-Ráez, J. A. et al. Tomato strigolactones are derived from carotenoids and their biosynthesis is promoted by phosphate starvation. New Phytol. 178, 863–874 (2008).
Yoneyama, K. et al. Nitrogen deficiency as well as phosphorus deficiency in sorghum promotes the production and exudation of 5-deoxystrigol, the host recognition signal for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root parasites. Planta 227, 125–132 (2007).
Umehara, M. et al. Contribution of strigolactones to the inhibition of tiller bud outgrowth under phosphate deficiency in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 51, 1118–1126 (2010). Shows that strigolactones are required to mediate the inhibition of rice shoot branching in response to P i deprivation in soil. It shows that strigolactone-deficient mutants do not reduce branching in response to phosphate deficiency, and the expression of the strigolactone biosynthetic genes is induced by these conditions.
Dun, E. A., Hanan, J. & Beveridge, C. A. Computational modeling and molecular physiology experiments reveal new insights into shoot branching in pea. Plant Cell 21, 3459–3472 (2009).
Acknowledgements
We thank S. Day for critical reading of the manuscript. Work in O.L.'s group is funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Science Council, The European Commission and the Gatsby Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Related links
Glossary
- Meristem
-
A group of cells with stem-cell-like properties. These cells continuously divide to build the plant body, while also maintaining a pool of pluripotent cells.
- Axil
-
The region directly above the point where the leaf joins the stem.
- Shoot apex
-
The shoot tip, the topmost part of the shoot axis that contains the apical meristem.
- Basipetal transport
-
Movement away from the apex.
- Polar auxin transport
-
Active and directional transport of auxin.
- Acropetal transport
-
Movement towards the apex.
- Xylem
-
Vascular tissue that delivers water, hormones and mineral nutrients from the root to the shoot.
- Phyllotactic
-
Relating to the initiation of leaves.
- Bistable
-
A dynamic system that has two stable states, with intermediate states being unstable and thus rapidly resolving towards one or other of the stable states.
- Far-red light
-
Wavelengths of light of around 700–800 nm. Red light is absorbed for photosynthesis, but far-red light is not, so a decrease in the ratio of red light to far-red light is indicative of shading by another plant.
- Phytochrome
-
A protein belonging to a class of plant photoreceptors that are mainly responsible for perception of red and far red light.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Domagalska, M., Leyser, O. Signal integration in the control of shoot branching. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12, 211–221 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3088
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3088
This article is cited by
-
Responses of roots and rhizosphere of female papaya to the exogenous application of GA3
BMC Plant Biology (2023)
-
Genome-wide identification and analysis of the SUPPRESSOR of MAX2 1-LIKE gene family and its interaction with DWARF14 in poplar
BMC Plant Biology (2023)
-
Fertilization controls tiller numbers via transcriptional regulation of a MAX1-like gene in rice cultivation
Nature Communications (2023)
-
Genetic mapping of some key plant architecture traits in Brassica juncea using a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between two distinct lines: vegetable type Tumida and oleiferous Varuna
Theoretical and Applied Genetics (2023)
-
Novel insights into maize (Zea mays) development and organogenesis for agricultural optimization
Planta (2023)