Table of contents
June 2009 Vol 9 No 6
From the editors
p385 | doi:10.1038/nri2585
Research Highlights
Neuroimmunology: Finding a way into the brain | PDF (296 KB)
p386 | doi:10.1038/nri2549
T cell differentiation: The TH1 two step | PDF (224 KB)
p387 | doi:10.1038/nri2571
In the news
Cladribine hope for multiple sclerosis | PDF (102 KB)
p387 | doi:10.1038/nri2579
T cells: Helper cell metamorphosis | PDF (149 KB)
p388 | doi:10.1038/nri2577
Tumour immunology: Attacking the enabler | PDF (164 KB)
p388 | doi:10.1038/nri2581
In brief
Immunogenetics | Parasite immunity | Neuroimmunology | PDF (125 KB)
p388 | doi:10.1038/nri2583
In brief
Parasite immunity | Autoimmunity | Lymphocyte migration | PDF (126 KB)
p389 | doi:10.1038/nri2584
Autoimmunity: A new target in multiple sclerosis? | PDF (218 KB)
p390 | doi:10.1038/nri2574
Inflammation: Targeting TNF | PDF (116 KB)
p390 | doi:10.1038/nri2578
Neuroimmunology: Basement membrane laminins guard the CNS | PDF (204 KB)
p391 | doi:10.1038/nri2576
T cell memory: A new resting place | PDF (170 KB)
p392 | doi:10.1038/nri2573
Antiviral immunity: IL-21: in it for the long run | PDF (173 KB)
p392 | doi:10.1038/nri2582
Focus on: Neuroimmunology
Reviews
Autoimmune T cell responses in the central nervous system
Joan Goverman
p393 | doi:10.1038/nri2550
Our understanding of the role of T cells in the induction of autoimmune disease in the central nervous system has progressed rapidly in recent years. Here, Joan Goverman provides us with a comprehensive overview of this field and discusses the controversies that remain.
From genes to function: the next challenge to understanding multiple sclerosis
Lars Fugger, Manuel A. Friese & John I. Bell
p408 | doi:10.1038/nri2554
With recent studies revealing the genetic determinants of multiple sclerosis, our attention must now turn to defining the function of the candidate genes in disease pathogenesis. This Review describes our progress so far and the approaches required to tease out the contribution made by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
Reflex control of immunity
Kevin J. Tracey
p418 | doi:10.1038/nri2566
Work in the past decade has revealed the role of neural circuits in modulating inflammatory conditions. Here, Kevin Tracey discusses the inflammatory reflex, and in particular the efferent arc of this reflex, which is known as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. In this pathway, acetylcholine activity suppresses the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain
Serge Rivest
p429 | doi:10.1038/nri2565
In this Review article, Serge Rivest discusses how microglial cells (the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system) are activated during infection and injury, whether microglial cell activation is neurodestructive or neuroprotective, and how targeting these cells could be a therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
A molecular trio in relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis
Lawrence Steinman
p440 | doi:10.1038/nri2548
The relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis affects around two thirds of patients with this disease. This Review discusses the roles of three key molecules — 
4
1 integrin, its binding partner osteopontin and the chaperone protein B crystallin — in the biology of relapse and remission.
Perspectives
Opinion
Losing your nerves? Maybe it's the antibodies
Betty Diamond, Patricio T. Huerta, Paola Mina-Osorio, Czeslawa Kowal & Bruce T. Volpe
p449 | doi:10.1038/nri2529
In this Opinion article, Betty Diamond and colleagues propose that common serum antibodies that crossreact with brain antigens might be responsible for many acquired changes or congenital impairments in cognition and behaviour in the absence of overt brain inflammation.
