Macrophages: Re-educating macrophages | PDF (303 KB)

p488 | doi:10.1038/nri2365

Immune regulation: Gut responses tamed by friendly bacteria | PDF (270 KB)

p489 | doi:10.1038/nri2367

Innate immunity: iNKT cells catch your breath | PDF (341 KB)

p490 | doi:10.1038/nri2369

Mucosal immunology: Another piece of the puzzle | PDF (212 KB)

p490 | doi:10.1038/nri2371

Immunological memory: Basophils boost B-cell memory | PDF (359 KB)

p490 | doi:10.1038/nri2372

Immune regulation: TSLP: not just skin deep | PDF (191 KB)

p492 | doi:10.1038/nri2363

B cells: (micro)Restraint of AID | PDF (298 KB)

p492 | doi:10.1038/nri2364

Autoimmunity: NKT cells linked to immune tolerance breakdown | PDF (338 KB)

p493 | doi:10.1038/nri2370

Gene regulation: Timing is everything | PDF (226 KB)

p494 | doi:10.1038/nri2362

Multifunctional roles for MALT1 in T-cell activation

Margot Thome

p495 | doi:10.1038/nri2338

Recent research on MALT1 (mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue lymphoma-translocation gene 1), a protein essential for nuclear factor-B (NF-B) activation, has uncovered new mechanisms by which MALT1 can orchestrate intracellular signalling events. Here, Margot Thome highlights recent progress which characterizes how the protease and scaffolding functions of MALT1 modulate T-cell activation.

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Deubiquitylation and regulation of the immune response

Shao-Cong Sun

p501 | doi:10.1038/nri2337

This Review describes the significant progress that has been made recently in our understanding of the immunoregulatory role of deubiquitylation. Shao-Cong Sun discusses the deubiquitylating enzymes, in particular CYLD and A20, that have been shown to modulate innate and adaptive immunity.

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Ageing and life-long maintenance of T-cell subsets in the face of latent persistent infections

Janko Nikolich-ugich

p512 | doi:10.1038/nri2318

A decline in T-cell immunity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases in the elderly. Janko Nikolich-ugich weighs up the relative roles of and the interplay between homeostatic factors and persistent viruses in immune senescence.

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How regulatory T cells work

Dario A. A. Vignali, Lauren W. Collison & Creg J. Workman

p523 | doi:10.1038/nri2343

Regulatory T cells (T_Reg cells) have a central role in immune regulation, but how do they work? In this Review, our current understanding of the suppressive mechanisms used by T_Reg cells is described and the relative contribution of these mechanisms to T_Reg-cell function is discussed.

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Colony-stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity

John A. Hamilton

p533 | doi:10.1038/nri2356

As discussed in this article, in addition to their role as haematopoietic-cell growth factors, colony-stimulating factors have broader roles in immunity, and targeting these factors might have therapeutic benefits in inflammation and autoimmunity.

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Unravelling the association of partial T-cell immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation

Adrian Liston, Anselm Enders & Owen M. Siggs

p545 | doi:10.1038/nri2336

Surprisingly, and somewhat counter-intuitively, partial T-cell immunodeficiencies are commonly associated with hyper-immune dysregulation. Here, the authors review the genetic basis of such immunodeficiencies and draw on mouse models to provide a potential explanation for the coexistence of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity.

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Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors

Anthony J. Sadler & Bryan R. G. Williams

p559 | doi:10.1038/nri2314

Type I interferons (IFNs) provide the first line of defence against viral infection. As discussed in this Review, the IFN-induced antiviral effector proteins, such as ISG15, Mx proteins, ribonuclease L and protein kinase R, are important components of this response.

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