Table of contents
From the editors
p169 | doi:10.1038/nri2050
Research Highlights
T helper cells: Self-control by TH1 cells
p171 | doi:10.1038/nri2043
Antigen presentation: Ito cells are liver-resident professional APCs
p172 | doi:10.1038/nri2040
B cells: Caught on camera
p172 | doi:10.1038/nri2051
In the news
Immunity gets a brake
p172 | doi:10.1038/nri2053
In brief
T-cell development | HIV
p173 | doi:10.1038/nri2048
Immune regulation: Vitamin D3 promotes immune function in the skin
p174 | doi:10.1038/nri2047
Autoimmunity: Jump-starting joint disease
p174 | doi:10.1038/nri2052
Signalling: Building bridges with NF-
B
p175 | doi:10.1038/nri2042
T-cell development: The SOX switch
p176 | doi:10.1038/nri2044
Autoimmunity: Widening the gender gap
p176 | doi:10.1038/nri2045
Tumour immunotherapy: Shifting the balance
p176 | doi:10.1038/nri2046
In brief
Antiviral immunity | Thymocyte development | Inflammation
p177 | doi:10.1038/nri2049
Reviews
Cooperation of Toll-like receptor signals in innate immune defence
Giorgio Trinchieri and Alan Sher
p179 | doi:10.1038/nri2038
Emerging evidence indicates that the induction of an effective immune response involves the cooperation of multiple Toll-like receptors and other pattern-recognition receptors. Here, the role of this cooperation in host defence against various pathogens and the therapeutic implications are discussed.
PI3K
and PI3K
: partners in crime in inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and beyond?
Christian Rommel, Montserrat Camps and Hong Ji
p191 | doi:10.1038/nri2036
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms PI3K
and PI3K
generate lipid second messengers that control an array of signalling pathways for numerous immune-cell functions. Recent studies indicate that specific targeting of these PI3K isoforms could be beneficial for treating inflammatory diseases.
MAPK phosphatases — regulating the immune response
Yusen Liu, Edward G. Shepherd and Leif D. Nelin
p202 | doi:10.1038/nri2035
Regulation of the immune response is crucial for avoiding an excessive inflammatory response. Here, recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases and their emergence as key regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity are discussed.
Fetal B-cell lymphopoiesis and the emergence of B-1-cell potential
Kenneth Dorshkind and Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez
p213 | doi:10.1038/nri2019
B-1 cells are a minor population of B cells that function as effectors of innate immune responses in serous cavities. But where and when do they first emerge in the developing embryo? And do they originate from a distinct progenitor?
Suppression of TH2-type allergic reactions by helminth infection
Padraic G. Fallon and Niamh E. Mangan
p220 | doi:10.1038/nri2039
Individuals infected with parasitic helminths can show a reduction in the development of allergic disorders. Here evidence for a possible role for worms in suppressing allergic responses is examined, with a view to therapeutic strategies for the treatment of allergic diseases.
Perspectives
Opinion
The dynamic co-evolution of memory and regulatory CD4+ T cells in the periphery
Arne N. Akbar, Milica Vukmanovic-Stejic, Leonie S. Taams and Derek C. Macallan
p231 | doi:10.1038/nri2037
How can your thymus continue to generate the necessary numbers of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (TReg) cells once it involutes? Arne Akbar and colleagues propose a model whereby some TReg cells differentiate from rapidly proliferating memory T cells in the periphery.
Opinion
Intercellular transfer of cell-surface proteins is common and can affect many stages of an immune response
Daniel M. Davis
p238 | doi:10.1038/nri2020
The intercellular transfer of cell-surface proteins is known to occur between immune cells, but how common is this occurrence, what are its mechanisms and is it important in influencing the interactions of immune cells?
