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Nature Reviews Immunology 2, 291–296 (1 April 2002) | doi:10.1038/nri780

Science and society |[ndash]| vaccines: Ethical issues for vaccines and immunization

Jeffrey B. Ulmer & Margaret A. Liu

Vaccination is the only type of medical intervention that has eliminated a disease successfully. However, both in countries with high immunization rates and in countries that are too impoverished to protect their citizens, many dilemmas and controversies surround immunization. This article describes some of the ethical issues involved, and presents some challenges and concepts for the global community.