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Single-cell genomic analysis of ILCs from the mouse small intestine identifies high levels of diversity that are maintained by the commensal microbiota.
There are no obvious clinical symptoms of long-term deficiency of innate lymphoid cells in humans, which suggests that their postulated functions might be redundant.
Fasting metabolism has opposing roles in maintaining tissue tolerance; anorexia improves survival during bacterial infection whereas it has detrimental effects during viral infection.
In this Review, the authors summarize the features and the molecular drivers of T cell dysfunction in cancer and compare these with dysfunctional T cells in chronic viral infection. The metabolic competition in the tumour microenvironment is also discussed. Understanding antitumour T cell responses has important implications for cancer immunotherapy.
This Review discusses our current understanding of the development and functions of follicular helper T (TFH) cells. The author explains how these cells do not fit with the classical instructional model of helper T cell differentiation and, instead, proposes a model of default TFHcell development with inherent spatiotemporal stochasticity.
In this Review the authors discuss some of the key differences that exist between male and female immune functions. They explain how these differences lead to sex biases in susceptibility to infections, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Moreover, they highlight the urgent need for immunologists to consider these sex differences when designing experiments.
This Review describes the unique properties of mucus and mucins, with a focus on the intestine. Mucus and mucus-producing goblet cells contribute to our innate immune defences and, in turn, are regulated by the immune system. The authors discuss the link between defective mucus production and increased susceptibility to infection and inflammatory disease.
In this Viewpoint article,Nature Reviews Immunologyinvites five experts to share their thoughts on the contributions made by Élie Metchnikoff to the fields of phagocytosis, macrophage biology, leukocyte migration, the microbiota and intravital imaging.
