Volume 15 Issue 11, November 2015

Stimulation of naive CD4⁺T cells in glutamine-deprived conditions favours differentiation into regulatory T cells.

Perforin-positive dendritic cells protect against metabolic syndrome and autoimmunity.

The kinases MST1 and MST2, which are activated by Toll-like receptor stimulation, regulate the trafficking of mitochondria to phagosomes to deliver reactive oxygen species.

John O'Shea describes a 2000 paper by Roggeet al. that was the first to compare the transcriptomes of human T_H1 cells and T_H2 cells.

Acute infection can lead to chronic lymphadenopathy and long-term immune impairment.

Emerging evidence suggests that the stroma of the tumour microenvironment can shape antitumour immunity and responsiveness to immunotherapy. The stromal cells and the signals they produce that influence tumour-infiltrating leukocytes, as well as the implications for cancer treatment, are reviewed here.

γδ T cells have unique specificities, high clonal frequencies and a pre-activated differentiation status that allow rapid and non-redundant responses to tumours. Here, the authors review their often contrasting roles in cancer and the opportunities for γδ T cell-based cancer therapies.

Reciprocal interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells enable leukocytes to recognize the blood vessel endothelium in areas of inflammation and transmigrate across the endothelial barrier to mount an immune response in infected and/or damaged tissues.

Here, the authors explain how the specificity and magnitude of the primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is determined during a viral infection. They discuss the different factors that influence the recruitment and expansion of naive CTL precursors, and they explain how technological advances have enabled a more accurate quantitation of these responses.

This Essay considers how prokaryotic and mammalian immune systems ensure tolerance or resistance to genetic elements. In particular, the authors discuss the restriction–modification and CRISPR–Cas activities of prokaryotes and the analogous immune pathways found in mammals.