Nature Reviews Immunology http://www.nature.com/nri/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © 2008 Nature Publishing Group Nature Reviews Immunology 1474-1733 © 2008 Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com Nature Reviews Immunology http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nri_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/nri/ Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2294 Active resolution of acute inflammation is a previously unrecognized interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Once thought to be a passive process, the resolution of inflammation is now shown to involve active biochemical programmes that enable inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis. This Review presents Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 349 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2294

Authors: Charles N. Serhan, Nan Chiang & Thomas E. Van Dyke

Active resolution of acute inflammation is a previously unrecognized interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Once thought to be a passive process, the resolution of inflammation is now shown to involve active biochemical programmes that enable inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis. This Review presents

]]> Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators Charles N. Serhan Nan Chiang Thomas E. Van Dyke doi:10.1038/nri2294 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 349 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Review 349 361 TH17 cells in development: an updated view of their molecular identity and genetic programming http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2295 Following activation, CD4+ T cells differentiate into different lineages of helper T (TH) cells that are characterized by distinct developmental regulation and biological functions. TH17 cells have recently been identified as a new lineage of effector TH TH17 cells in development: an updated view of their molecular identity and genetic programming

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 337 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2295

Author: Chen Dong

Following activation, CD4+ T cells differentiate into different lineages of helper T (TH) cells that are characterized by distinct developmental regulation and biological functions. TH17 cells have recently been identified as a new lineage of effector TH

]]> TH17 cells in development: an updated view of their molecular identity and genetic programming Chen Dong doi:10.1038/nri2295 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 337 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Review 337 348 NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2296 Inflammation is a crucial element of the host response to cellular insult. Pathogen-induced inflammation includes a molecular pathway which proceeds through activation of the protease caspase-1 to the release of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-18. Importantly, pathogens may also induce forms of cell NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 372 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2296

Authors: Jenny P.-Y. Ting, Stephen B. Willingham & Daniel T. Bergstralh

Inflammation is a crucial element of the host response to cellular insult. Pathogen-induced inflammation includes a molecular pathway which proceeds through activation of the protease caspase-1 to the release of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-18. Importantly, pathogens may also induce forms of cell

]]> NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity Jenny P.-Y. Ting Stephen B. Willingham Daniel T. Bergstralh doi:10.1038/nri2296 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 372 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Review 372 379 CCR7 and its ligands: balancing immunity and tolerance http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2297 A key feature of the immune system is its ability to induce protective immunity against pathogens while maintaining tolerance towards self and innocuous environmental antigens. Recent evidence suggests that by guiding cells to and within lymphoid organs, CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) essentially contributes to both CCR7 and its ligands: balancing immunity and tolerance

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 362 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2297

Authors: Reinhold Förster, Ana Clara Davalos-Misslitz & Antal Rot

A key feature of the immune system is its ability to induce protective immunity against pathogens while maintaining tolerance towards self and innocuous environmental antigens. Recent evidence suggests that by guiding cells to and within lymphoid organs, CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) essentially contributes to both

]]> CCR7 and its ligands: balancing immunity and tolerance Reinhold Förster Ana Clara Davalos-Misslitz Antal Rot doi:10.1038/nri2297 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 362 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Review 362 371 Immunobiology of the TAM receptors http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2303 Recent studies have revealed that the TAM receptor protein tyrosine kinases — TYRO3, AXL and MER — have pivotal roles in innate immunity. They inhibit inflammation in dendritic cells and macrophages, promote the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and membranous organelles, and stimulate the maturation of Immunobiology of the TAM receptors

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 327 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2303

Authors: Greg Lemke & Carla V. Rothlin

Recent studies have revealed that the TAM receptor protein tyrosine kinases — TYRO3, AXL and MER — have pivotal roles in innate immunity. They inhibit inflammation in dendritic cells and macrophages, promote the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and membranous organelles, and stimulate the maturation of

]]> Immunobiology of the TAM receptors Greg Lemke Carla V. Rothlin doi:10.1038/nri2303 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 327 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Review 327 336 Molecular pathogenesis of T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2304 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is induced by the transformation of T-cell progenitors and mainly occurs in children and adolescents. Although treatment outcome in patients with T-ALL has improved in recent years, patients with relapsed disease continue to have a poor prognosis. It is therefore Molecular pathogenesis of T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 380 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2304

Authors: Iannis Aifantis, Elizabeth Raetz & Silvia Buonamici

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is induced by the transformation of T-cell progenitors and mainly occurs in children and adolescents. Although treatment outcome in patients with T-ALL has improved in recent years, patients with relapsed disease continue to have a poor prognosis. It is therefore

]]> Molecular pathogenesis of T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma Iannis Aifantis Elizabeth Raetz Silvia Buonamici doi:10.1038/nri2304 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 380 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Review 380 390 Not always the bad guys: B cells as regulators of autoimmune pathology http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2315 When B cells react aggressively against self, the potential for pathology is extreme. It is therefore not surprising that B-cell depletion is seen as an attractive therapy in autoimmune diseases. However, B cells can also be essential for restraining unwanted autoaggressive T-cell responses. Recent advances Not always the bad guys: B cells as regulators of autoimmune pathology

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 391 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2315

Authors: Simon Fillatreau, David Gray & Stephen M. Anderton

When B cells react aggressively against self, the potential for pathology is extreme. It is therefore not surprising that B-cell depletion is seen as an attractive therapy in autoimmune diseases. However, B cells can also be essential for restraining unwanted autoaggressive T-cell responses. Recent advances

]]> Not always the bad guys: B cells as regulators of autoimmune pathology Simon Fillatreau David Gray Stephen M. Anderton doi:10.1038/nri2315 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 391 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Perspective 391 397 Vaccines: Explaining alum: immunologists' dirty little secret http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2317 Aluminum hydroxide (alum) is a widely used adjuvant in human vaccines, but its mechanism of action remains ill-defined. In a new study, Lambrecht and colleagues find that a key factor in the adjuvant activity of alum is the activation of a population of inflammatory dendritic Vaccines: Explaining alum: immunologists' dirty little secret

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 320 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2317

Author: Sarah Allan

Aluminum hydroxide (alum) is a widely used adjuvant in human vaccines, but its mechanism of action remains ill-defined. In a new study, Lambrecht and colleagues find that a key factor in the adjuvant activity of alum is the activation of a population of inflammatory dendritic

]]> Vaccines: Explaining alum: immunologists' dirty little secret Sarah Allan doi:10.1038/nri2317 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 320 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 320 320 T cells: Tuning T cells through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2319 Based on their respective roles in immune tolerance and inflammation, regulatory T (TReg) cells and interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing CD4+ T helper cells (TH17 cells) are areas of intensive study. Two new reports in Nature have now identified the aryl T cells: Tuning T cells through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 326 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2319

Author: Sarah Allan

Based on their respective roles in immune tolerance and inflammation, regulatory T (TReg) cells and interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing CD4+ T helper cells (TH17 cells) are areas of intensive study. Two new reports in Nature have now identified the aryl

]]> T cells: Tuning T cells through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor Sarah Allan doi:10.1038/nri2319 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 326 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 326 326 T-cell activation: The waves behind the TGN1412 storm http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2320 It took less than an hour to realize something had gone terribly wrong. In March 2006, six healthy volunteers of a Phase I clinical trial who had received a single infusion of the CD28 superagonistic antibody TGN1412 suffered unpredicted devastating effects that left them fighting T-cell activation: The waves behind the TGN1412 storm

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 322 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2320

Author: Marta Tufet

It took less than an hour to realize something had gone terribly wrong. In March 2006, six healthy volunteers of a Phase I clinical trial who had received a single infusion of the CD28 superagonistic antibody TGN1412 suffered unpredicted devastating effects that left them fighting

]]> T-cell activation: The waves behind the TGN1412 storm Marta Tufet doi:10.1038/nri2320 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 322 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 322 323 In Brief: T-cell development http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2321 Nature Reviews Immunology8, 167 (2008)The transcription factor discussed in this In Brief article was incorrectly spelt throughout the article. The correct spelling is Th-POK. In Brief: T-cell development

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 325 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2321

Nature Reviews Immunology8, 167 (2008)The transcription factor discussed in this In Brief article was incorrectly spelt throughout the article. The correct spelling is Th-POK.

]]> In Brief: T-cell development doi:10.1038/nri2321 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 325 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Erratum 325 325 Antigen presentation: Prime time: insights into cross-presentation http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2323 Cross-presentation — the display of peptides derived from exogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules — is important for effective immune responses to tumours and viral infections. Although classical antigen processing pathways are well characterized, the pathways that lead to cross-presentation are less clear. How Antigen presentation: Prime time: insights into cross-presentation

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 322 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2323

Author: Sarah Allan

Cross-presentation — the display of peptides derived from exogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules — is important for effective immune responses to tumours and viral infections. Although classical antigen processing pathways are well characterized, the pathways that lead to cross-presentation are less clear. How

]]> Antigen presentation: Prime time: insights into cross-presentation Sarah Allan doi:10.1038/nri2323 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 322 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 322 323 Inflammation: Stopping before the damage is done http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2324 The activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in response to cytokine signalling is a powerful mechanism for initiating an inflammatory immune response, but as is often the case in the immune system, with great power comes the potential to cause great damage. Li and colleagues now Inflammation: Stopping before the damage is done

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 324 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2324

Author: Kirsty Minton

The activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in response to cytokine signalling is a powerful mechanism for initiating an inflammatory immune response, but as is often the case in the immune system, with great power comes the potential to cause great damage. Li and colleagues now

]]> Inflammation: Stopping before the damage is done Kirsty Minton doi:10.1038/nri2324 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 324 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 324 325 NKT cells: NKT cells join the IL-17 gang http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2325 Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique T-cell subset defined by the co-expression of NK-cell markers and a T-cell receptor (TCR), and are characterized by their ability to rapidly produce immunomodulatory cytokines following TCR ligation. Now, Caspi and colleagues report that one of these NKT cells: NKT cells join the IL-17 gang

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 324 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2325

Author: Lucy Bird

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique T-cell subset defined by the co-expression of NK-cell markers and a T-cell receptor (TCR), and are characterized by their ability to rapidly produce immunomodulatory cytokines following TCR ligation. Now, Caspi and colleagues report that one of these

]]> NKT cells: NKT cells join the IL-17 gang Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2325 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 324 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 324 324 Tumour immunology: Tumour surveillance by NKG2D http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2328 Natural killer (NK) cells, as well as various T-cell subsets, express the stimulatory receptor natural-killer group 2, member D (NKG2D), which recognizes several ligands that are frequently upregulated by tumour cells. The expression of NKG2D ligands by tumour cell lines has been shown to render Tumour immunology: Tumour surveillance by NKG2D

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 324 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2328

Author: Olive Leavy

Natural killer (NK) cells, as well as various T-cell subsets, express the stimulatory receptor natural-killer group 2, member D (NKG2D), which recognizes several ligands that are frequently upregulated by tumour cells. The expression of NKG2D ligands by tumour cell lines has been shown to render

]]> Tumour immunology: Tumour surveillance by NKG2D Olive Leavy doi:10.1038/nri2328 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 324 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 324 325 Mast cells: Food allergy unplugged http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2329 The prevalence of food allergy is on the increase. Yet how susceptible individuals become sensitized to food antigens remains poorly understood. Now, a report in The Journal of Experimental Medicine shows an important role for interleukin-9 (IL-9) and mast-cell-mediated gut leakiness in Mast cells: Food allergy unplugged

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 321 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2329

Author: Lucy Bird

The prevalence of food allergy is on the increase. Yet how susceptible individuals become sensitized to food antigens remains poorly understood. Now, a report in The Journal of Experimental Medicine shows an important role for interleukin-9 (IL-9) and mast-cell-mediated gut leakiness in

]]> Mast cells: Food allergy unplugged Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2329 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 321 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 321 321 Immunotherapy: A mismatch that works http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2330 Mismatched MHC alleles between donor and recipient represent a major barrier for adoptive T-cell therapy for immunodeficient patients and, in the case of haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT), can cause graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Now, Zakrzewski et al. show that allogeneic, MHC-mismatched T-cell Immunotherapy: A mismatch that works

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 321 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2330

Author: Olive Leavy

Mismatched MHC alleles between donor and recipient represent a major barrier for adoptive T-cell therapy for immunodeficient patients and, in the case of haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT), can cause graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Now, Zakrzewski et al. show that allogeneic, MHC-mismatched T-cell

]]> Immunotherapy: A mismatch that works Olive Leavy doi:10.1038/nri2330 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 321 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 321 321 In Brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2331 HaematopoiesisAdult T-cell progenitors retain myeloid potential.Wada, H.et al. Nature452, 768–772 (2008)The earliest thymic progenitors for T cells possess myeloid lineage potential.Bell, J. J. & Bhandoola, A.Nature452 In Brief

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 325 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2331

HaematopoiesisAdult T-cell progenitors retain myeloid potential.Wada, H.et al. Nature452, 768–772 (2008)The earliest thymic progenitors for T cells possess myeloid lineage potential.Bell, J. J. & Bhandoola, A.Nature452

]]> In Brief doi:10.1038/nri2331 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 325 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 325 325 From the editors http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2332 Several articles this month relate to the theme of how our immune system is able to walk the fine line between fighting off infections and preventing bystander damage or autoimmune disease. In terms of promoting an effective immune response to infection, the newest player in From the editors

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 319 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2332

Several articles this month relate to the theme of how our immune system is able to walk the fine line between fighting off infections and preventing bystander damage or autoimmune disease. In terms of promoting an effective immune response to infection, the newest player in

]]> From the editors doi:10.1038/nri2332 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 319 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 From The Editors 319 319 Antibiotics from alligators! http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2333 The late Steve Irwin ('The Crocodile Hunter') would no doubt have been delighted to learn about recent research, presented at the American Chemical Society meeting (6–10 April) in New Orleans, USA, showing that proteins from alligator blood could pave the way for new antibiotics.Lancia Antibiotics from alligators!

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 326 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2333

Author: Lucy Bird

The late Steve Irwin ('The Crocodile Hunter') would no doubt have been delighted to learn about recent research, presented at the American Chemical Society meeting (6–10 April) in New Orleans, USA, showing that proteins from alligator blood could pave the way for new antibiotics.Lancia

]]> Antibiotics from alligators! Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2333 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 326 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 326 326 In Brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2334 MHC moleculesMHC class II-peptide complexes internalize using a clathrin- and dynamin-independent endocytosis pathway.Walseng, E.et al. J. Biol. Chem.7 April 2008 (doi:10.1074/jbc.m801070200)Recycling of peptide–MHC class II complexes from the cell surface is thought to increase the In Brief

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 323 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2334

MHC moleculesMHC class II-peptide complexes internalize using a clathrin- and dynamin-independent endocytosis pathway.Walseng, E.et al. J. Biol. Chem.7 April 2008 (doi:10.1074/jbc.m801070200)Recycling of peptide–MHC class II complexes from the cell surface is thought to increase the

]]> In Brief doi:10.1038/nri2334 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 323 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 5 Research Highlight 323 323