Nature Reviews Immunology http://www.nature.com/nri/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © 2009 Nature Publishing Group Nature Reviews Immunology 1474-1733 © 2009 Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com Nature Reviews Immunology http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nri_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/nri/ Towards the identification of biomarkers of transplantation tolerance http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2568 Although transplantation has been a standard medical practice for decades, the marked morbidity from the use of immunosuppressive drugs and poor long-term graft survival remain important limitations in the field. Achieving tolerance to transplanted organs should solve both problems, but has been an elusive goal. Towards the identification of biomarkers of transplantation tolerance

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 521 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2568

Authors: Laurence A. Turka & Robert I. Lechler

Although transplantation has been a standard medical practice for decades, the marked morbidity from the use of immunosuppressive drugs and poor long-term graft survival remain important limitations in the field. Achieving tolerance to transplanted organs should solve both problems, but has been an elusive goal.

]]> Towards the identification of biomarkers of transplantation tolerance Laurence A. Turka Robert I. Lechler doi:10.1038/nri2568 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 521 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2568 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2568 9 7 Perspectives 521 526 MHC class I antigen presentation: learning from viral evasion strategies http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2575 The cell surface display of peptides by MHC class I molecules to lymphocytes provides the host with an important surveillance mechanism to protect against invading pathogens. However, in turn, viruses have evolved elegant strategies to inhibit various stages of the MHC class I antigen presentation MHC class I antigen presentation: learning from viral evasion strategies

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 503 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2575

Authors: Ted H. Hansen & Marlene Bouvier

The cell surface display of peptides by MHC class I molecules to lymphocytes provides the host with an important surveillance mechanism to protect against invading pathogens. However, in turn, viruses have evolved elegant strategies to inhibit various stages of the MHC class I antigen presentation

]]> MHC class I antigen presentation: learning from viral evasion strategies Ted H. Hansen Marlene Bouvier doi:10.1038/nri2575 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 503 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2575 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2575 9 7 Review 503 513 Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2569 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by dendritic cells are crucial for tailoring immune responses to pathogens. Following pathogen binding, CLRs trigger distinct signalling pathways that induce the expression of specific cytokines which determine T cell polarization fates. Some CLRs can induce signalling pathways that directly Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 465 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2569

Authors: Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek & Sonja I. Gringhuis

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by dendritic cells are crucial for tailoring immune responses to pathogens. Following pathogen binding, CLRs trigger distinct signalling pathways that induce the expression of specific cytokines which determine T cell polarization fates. Some CLRs can induce signalling pathways that directly

]]> Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek Sonja I. Gringhuis doi:10.1038/nri2569 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 465 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2569 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2569 9 7 Review 465 479 Cracking the BAFF code http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2572 The tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family members B cell activating factor (BAFF) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) are crucial survival factors for peripheral B cells. An excess of BAFF leads to the development of autoimmune disorders in animal models, and high levels of BAFF have Cracking the BAFF code

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 491 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2572

Authors: Fabienne Mackay & Pascal Schneider

The tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family members B cell activating factor (BAFF) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) are crucial survival factors for peripheral B cells. An excess of BAFF leads to the development of autoimmune disorders in animal models, and high levels of BAFF have

]]> Cracking the BAFF code Fabienne Mackay Pascal Schneider doi:10.1038/nri2572 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 491 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2572 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2572 9 7 Review 491 502 Antiviral immunity: TRIMming the response http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2589 Viruses have evolved several mechanisms to evade or counteract the host antiviral immune response. Now, Gack et al. describe a new mechanism by which the influenza A virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) inhibits the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and antiviral immunity by Antiviral immunity: TRIMming the response

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 463 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2589

Author: Olive Leavy

Viruses have evolved several mechanisms to evade or counteract the host antiviral immune response. Now, Gack et al. describe a new mechanism by which the influenza A virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) inhibits the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and antiviral immunity by

]]> Antiviral immunity: TRIMming the response Olive Leavy doi:10.1038/nri2589 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 463 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2589 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2589 9 7 Research Highlight 463 463 Evolution: A common solution to an age-old problem http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2590 A study of adaptive immunity in sea lampreys — a type of jawless vertebrate from which jawed vertebrates diverged around 500 million years ago — has shown the evolution of a common solution to the problem of preventing autoimmunity, according to Max Cooper and colleagues. Evolution: A common solution to an age-old problem

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 464 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2590

Author: Kirsty Minton

A study of adaptive immunity in sea lampreys — a type of jawless vertebrate from which jawed vertebrates diverged around 500 million years ago — has shown the evolution of a common solution to the problem of preventing autoimmunity, according to Max Cooper and colleagues.

]]> Evolution: A common solution to an age-old problem Kirsty Minton doi:10.1038/nri2590 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 464 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2590 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2590 9 7 Research Highlight 464 464 New insights into the regulation of T cells by γc family cytokines http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2580 Common cytokine receptor γ-chain (γc) family cytokines have crucial roles in the development, proliferation, survival and differentiation of multiple cell lineages of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this Review, we focus on our current understanding of the distinct and overlapping New insights into the regulation of T cells by γc family cytokines

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 480 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2580

Authors: Yrina Rochman, Rosanne Spolski & Warren J. Leonard

Common cytokine receptor γ-chain (γc) family cytokines have crucial roles in the development, proliferation, survival and differentiation of multiple cell lineages of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this Review, we focus on our current understanding of the distinct and overlapping

]]> New insights into the regulation of T cells by γc family cytokines Yrina Rochman Rosanne Spolski Warren J. Leonard doi:10.1038/nri2580 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 480 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2580 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2580 9 7 Review 480 490 CD95, BIM and T cell homeostasis http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2570 The relative importance of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in the control of haematopoietic cell homeostasis has been a matter of debate for many years. Cell death is omnipresent in this cellular compartment and ensures the removal of cells that are not properly equipped CD95, BIM and T cell homeostasis

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 514 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2570

Authors: Philippe Bouillet & Lorraine A. O'Reilly

The relative importance of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in the control of haematopoietic cell homeostasis has been a matter of debate for many years. Cell death is omnipresent in this cellular compartment and ensures the removal of cells that are not properly equipped

]]> CD95, BIM and T cell homeostasis Philippe Bouillet Lorraine A. O'Reilly doi:10.1038/nri2570 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 514 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2570 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2570 9 7 Review 514 519 Antigen presentation: Basophils do it too http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2592 Our understanding of CD4+ T helper (TH) cell differentiation has expanded greatly in recent years. The current paradigm suggests that dendritic cells (DCs) recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and drive the development of appropriate pathogen-specific TH cell responses. However, Antigen presentation: Basophils do it too

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 462 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2592

Author: Elaine Bell

Our understanding of CD4+ T helper (TH) cell differentiation has expanded greatly in recent years. The current paradigm suggests that dendritic cells (DCs) recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and drive the development of appropriate pathogen-specific TH cell responses. However,

]]> Antigen presentation: Basophils do it too Elaine Bell doi:10.1038/nri2592 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 462 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2592 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2592 9 7 Research Highlight 462 463 T cell memory: Keeping energy levels up http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2593 A recent study published in Nature suggests that the generation of a long-lived memory CD8+ T cell population depends on a switch in energy metabolism from glucose to fatty acid metabolism. Modulation of this metabolic transition shows promise as an approach to T cell memory: Keeping energy levels up

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 458 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2593

Author: Lucy Bird

A recent study published in Nature suggests that the generation of a long-lived memory CD8+ T cell population depends on a switch in energy metabolism from glucose to fatty acid metabolism. Modulation of this metabolic transition shows promise as an approach to

]]> T cell memory: Keeping energy levels up Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2593 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 458 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2593 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2593 9 7 Research Highlight 458 458 T cell memory: Live long with WNT http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2594 The defining characteristics of stem cells are multipotency and self renewal — that is, they can generate differentiating daughter cells while regenerating themselves. Now a recent study shows that mature CD8+ T cells, similarly to the haematopoietic stem cells from which they are T cell memory: Live long with WNT

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 460 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2594

Author: Lucy Bird

The defining characteristics of stem cells are multipotency and self renewal — that is, they can generate differentiating daughter cells while regenerating themselves. Now a recent study shows that mature CD8+ T cells, similarly to the haematopoietic stem cells from which they are

]]> T cell memory: Live long with WNT Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2594 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 460 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2594 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2594 9 7 Research Highlight 460 461 HIV: Selective pressure http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2595 A study by McMichael and colleagues describes the earliest CD8+ T cell responses to transmitted HIV-1 and shows that these responses effectively control viraemia during the acute phase of infection and, by applying selective pressure, induce escape mutations in the viral genome.By HIV: Selective pressure

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 459 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2595

Author: Rachel David

A study by McMichael and colleagues describes the earliest CD8+ T cell responses to transmitted HIV-1 and shows that these responses effectively control viraemia during the acute phase of infection and, by applying selective pressure, induce escape mutations in the viral genome.By

]]> HIV: Selective pressure Rachel David doi:10.1038/nri2595 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 459 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2595 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2595 9 7 Research Highlight 459 459 From the editors http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2596 Cytokines are the hormones of the immune system, necessary for the growth, survival and development of distinct cell subsets. Cells compete for these survival factors, and those that lose out risk death by apoptosis.The prototypical growth factor for T cells is interleukin-2 (IL-2), which From the editors

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 457 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2596

Cytokines are the hormones of the immune system, necessary for the growth, survival and development of distinct cell subsets. Cells compete for these survival factors, and those that lose out risk death by apoptosis.The prototypical growth factor for T cells is interleukin-2 (IL-2), which

]]> From the editors doi:10.1038/nri2596 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 457 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2596 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2596 9 7 From The Editors 457 457 T cell responses: A new starting point http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2597 A study published in PLoS Biology has challenged current dogma on the importance of lymph nodes in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. It shows that the induction of T cell responses, but not B cell priming and affinity maturation, can occur in the T cell responses: A new starting point

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 462 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2597

Author: Olive Leavy

A study published in PLoS Biology has challenged current dogma on the importance of lymph nodes in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. It shows that the induction of T cell responses, but not B cell priming and affinity maturation, can occur in the

]]> T cell responses: A new starting point Olive Leavy doi:10.1038/nri2597 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 462 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2597 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2597 9 7 Research Highlight 462 463 Immunization in the spotlight http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2598 The World Health Organization (WHO) is recommending the inclusion of a rotavirus vaccine in childhood immunization programmes around the world. Rotavirus, which causes diarrhoea and vomiting, is responsible for more than 500,000 deaths per year, mostly in the developing world. The recommendation comes from the Immunization in the spotlight

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 460 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2598

Author: Rachel David

The World Health Organization (WHO) is recommending the inclusion of a rotavirus vaccine in childhood immunization programmes around the world. Rotavirus, which causes diarrhoea and vomiting, is responsible for more than 500,000 deaths per year, mostly in the developing world. The recommendation comes from the

]]> Immunization in the spotlight Rachel David doi:10.1038/nri2598 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 460 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2598 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2598 9 7 Research Highlight 460 460 In Brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2599 Inflammation In Brief

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 461 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2599

Inflammation

]]> In Brief doi:10.1038/nri2599 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 461 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2599 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2599 9 7 Research Highlight 461 461 In Brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2600 Autoimmunity In Brief

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 459 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2600

Autoimmunity

]]> In Brief doi:10.1038/nri2600 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 459 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2600 9 7 Research Highlight 459 459 T cell differentiation: Inhibiting TH17 cells http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2601 In addition to the T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cell subsets, naive T cells can differentiate into regulatory T cells or pro-inflammatory TH17 cells, which are characterized by the production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and are known to have T cell differentiation: Inhibiting TH17 cells

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 460 (2009). doi:10.1038/nri2601

Author: Elaine Bell

In addition to the T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cell subsets, naive T cells can differentiate into regulatory T cells or pro-inflammatory TH17 cells, which are characterized by the production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and are known to have

]]> T cell differentiation: Inhibiting TH17 cells Elaine Bell doi:10.1038/nri2601 Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 460 (2009) Nature Reviews Immunology 10.1038/nri2601 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2601 9 7 Research Highlight 460 461