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Review

Nature Reviews Genetics 5, 725–738 (1 October 2004) | doi:10.1038/nrg1448

Chromosome 21 and Down syndrome: from genomics to pathophysiology

Stylianos E. Antonarakis , Robert Lyle , Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis , Alexandre Reymond & Samuel Deutsch

The sequence of chromosome 21 was a turning point for the understanding of Down syndrome. Comparative genomics is beginning to identify the functional components of the chromosome and that in turn will set the stage for the functional characterization of the sequences. Animal models combined with genome-wide analytical methods have proved indispensable for unravelling the mysteries of gene dosage imbalance.