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The authors review new tools for studying the evolution of antibiotic resistance, including approaches to evolve resistance in the laboratory and analysis of clinical samples. Insights into pathways of evolution and the basis of resistance could inform future management of infections.
Functional interactions between proteins and within proteins results in co-evolutionary signatures in amino acid sequences that serve as clues to various forms of interdependence. This Review discusses the principles and distinctions of the large range of computational tools to analyse protein co-evolution and the biological insight that they are providing.
Evolution by natural selection at genomic loci sculpts the sequence features of not just each immediate locus but also nearby chromosomally linked sites. However, the way that this occurs substantially varies among different species, and this Review discusses potential reasons for these disparities.
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are crucial for guiding mRNAs through the many steps from transcription to translation and decay. This Review discusses recent insights into the repertoire of RBPs, how they package RNA molecules and how they can connect different processing steps.
Although enhancers are crucial and widespread gene-regulatory elements, we are far from a complete understanding of how they function or their importance in areas such as disease and evolution. Five prominent researchers discuss some of the key outstanding questions in enhancer biology.
Clinical sequencing tests that focus on genes linked to specific diseases or phenotypes are increasingly widely being used. This article discusses how disease-targeting tests retain several advantages despite moves towards the clinical application of whole-genome or exome sequencing.
