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Despite their importance, little is known about how gene duplications are fixed and maintained in genomes. This comprehensive Review of theoretical models of gene-duplication evolution and the data that can distinguish between them provides a foundation for answering these crucial questions.
The classical model of gene activation by a unidirectional switch from co-repressor binding to co-activator binding is changing. This Review discusses emerging themes in the interplay among co-repressor complexes, enzymatic functions and chromatin modifications in controlling gene repression.
Meiosis is a necessary part of gamete formation and sexual reproduction. It has been examined extensively in yeast but, although key components are evolutionarily conserved, studies in mammals are revealing important differences, and such work will enable progress towards the treatment of human infertility.
Theoretical, anthropological and genetic studies suggest that human evolution has been shaped by gene–culture interactions. This Review collates data from these diverse fields, and highlights the potential for cross-disciplinary exchange to provide novel insights into how culture has shaped the human genome.
Genome-wide association studies are not widespread in Africa, partly because of the challenges of dealing with population structure and high genomic diversity. New approaches in statistical imputation and whole-genome sequencing are now set to exploit these features for fine mapping causal variants.
The ability to generate personalized genomic information for large numbers of people is rapidly becoming a reality. Four experts provide their opinions on how useful this information is likely to be and how it should best be put to use.
