About the authors

Mark R. Trusheim

Mark R. Trusheim, M.S., is Executive in Residence and Visiting Scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sloan School of Management, USA, and is also President of Co-Bio Consulting LLC, USA. He has worked as a biotechnology executive in R&D, strategy, marketing and business development at Monsanto, Cereon Genomics, Searle and Pharmacia, as well as being founding CEO of a start-up company and acting as the Interim President of the Massachusetts Biotechnology Council. He is and has been a board member of multiple corporate, charitable and trade organizations. He obtained a master's degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management, where he was a Proudfoot Fellow.

Ernst R. Berndt

Ernst R. Berndt, Ph.D., is the Louis E. Seley Professor in Applied Economics at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is also Co-Director of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Biomedical Enterprise Program. Berndt's recent research focuses on the economics of the health-care industries, and has been published in journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine, Health Affairs, the American Journal of Psychiatry and the Journal of Health Economics.

Frank L. Douglas

Frank L. Douglas, Ph.D., M.D., is Professor of the Practice at the MIT Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, at the Sloan School of Management and at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology. He is also Executive Director of the MIT Center for Biomedical Innovation. Previously he was a member of the Board of Management, Chief Scientific Officer and Executive Vice President at Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Frankfurt, Germany.