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Iron deficiency and cardiovascular disease

Key Points

  • Iron deficiency has detrimental effects in patients with coronary artery disease, heart failure (HF), pulmonary hypertension, and possibly in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

  • One-third of all patients with HF and more than one-half of patients with pulmonary hypertension present with iron deficiency

  • Improved exercise capacity, quality of life, or both have been shown after iron administration in patients with iron deficiency and HF or pulmonary hypertension

  • Recipients of cardiac transplantations should probably not be treated with intravenous iron preparations

Abstract

Iron deficiency affects up to one-third of the world's population, and is particularly common in elderly individuals and those with certain chronic diseases. Iron excess can be detrimental in cardiovascular illness, and research has now also brought anaemia and iron deficiency into the focus of cardiovascular medicine. Data indicate that iron deficiency has detrimental effects in patients with coronary artery disease, heart failure (HF), and pulmonary hypertension, and possibly in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Around one-third of all patients with HF, and more than one-half of patients with pulmonary hypertension, are affected by iron deficiency. Patients with HF and iron deficiency have shown symptomatic improvements from intravenous iron administration, and some evidence suggests that these improvements occur irrespective of the presence of anaemia. Improved exercise capacity has been demonstrated after iron administration in patients with pulmonary hypertension. However, to avoid iron overload and T-cell activation, it seems that recipients of cardiac transplantations should not be treated with intravenous iron preparations.

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Figure 1: Iron absorption in the gut mucosa and iron storage inside cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
Figure 2: Comparison of different levels of iron storage and their effects on serum markers and haematopoiesis.

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S.v.H. determined the content of the article, and wrote the first draft of the article. E.A.J., D.J.v.V., P.P., and S.D.A. contributed to the review and editing of the manuscript before submission.

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Correspondence to Stephan von Haehling.

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S.v.H. has received consulting honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer, Respicardia, Thermo Fisher Scientific, and Vifor Pharma, as well as lecture fees from Amgen and Sorin. E.A.J. has received honoraria for lectures and participation in advisory boards from Vifor Pharma. D.J.v.V. has received board membership fees from Amgen and Vifor Pharma. P.P. is a consultant for, and has received honoraria for speaking from, Amgen and Vifor Pharma, as well as research grants from Vifor Pharma. S.D.A. has received consulting fees and honoraria from Bayer, BRAHMS, Novartis, and Vifor Pharma, consulting fees from Keryx, and research support from Abbott Vascular and Vifor Pharma.

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von Haehling, S., Jankowska, E., van Veldhuisen, D. et al. Iron deficiency and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 12, 659–669 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.109

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