FIGURE 4 | Diagram of the retroviral constructs used to insert T-cell receptor (TCR) genes in T cells.
From the following article:
Adoptive cell transfer: a clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy
Steven A. Rosenberg, Nicholas P. Restifo, James C. Yang, Richard A. Morgan & Mark E. Dudley
Nature Reviews Cancer 8, 299-308 (April 2008)
doi:10.1038/nrc2355
T cells can be engineered with two classes of receptor proteins that are capable of recognizing tumour-associated antigens. Naturally occurring TCRs require coordinated expression of an 
and 
chain, which can be facilitated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) or by the use of a 2A fusion protein. A chimeric antigen receptor is an artificially constructed hybrid protein containing the antigen-binding domains of a single-chain antibody (scFv) linked to T-cell signal domains, such as CD28 and CD3
. Vector-specific cis-acting sequences are the long terminal repeat (LTR) that contains the enhancer, promoter and polyadenylation sites, splice donor (SD) and splice acceptor (SA) sequences, and packaging signal (
). The target antigen for each of these vectors is as indicated.
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