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The ARF tumour suppressor can activate p53-dependent transcriptional pathways by inhibiting the ubiquitin ligase MDM2. However, ARF has been reported to have p53-independent activities. How important are these activities in tumorigenesis? This Review critically appraises the current data.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly lethal and has a high incidence worldwide. However, at present there is only a basic understanding of the genetic, cellular and environmental mechanisms that drive HCC pathogenesis. What is known, and what are the challenges and opportunities?
Polymers can be conjugated to anticancer drugs and proteins to improve their therapeutic index. Some such conjugates are in routine clinical use and there are exciting advances in development, such as polymer-based combination therapies.
Progress in molecular radiobiology has improved the understanding of the pathogenesis of side effects that develop months or years after radiotherapy has been completed. This knowledge will help to improve the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy and the quality of life of long-term cancer survivors.
Several small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies are now approved for the therapy of various cancers. Focusing on the example of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, this Review compares and contrasts these two classes of agents.
Drugs that target mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) have entered clinical trials for cancer treatment. However, current mTOR inhibitors have an unexpectedly complex mechanism of action. Can our emerging knowledge of this pathway be used to develop more effective mTOR-targeted therapies?
Multiple mutations and alterations in the cancer genome lead to the deregulation of various cell-signalling pathways that control cell function. Can molecular-profiling studies be used to fully understand this complexity and provide an opportunity to link pathway deregulation with potential therapeutic strategies?