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Nature Reviews Cancer 4, 227–235 (1 March 2004) | doi:10.1038/nrc1300

Cancer as a robust system: implications for anticancer therapy

Hiroaki Kitano

Cancers are extremely complex, heterogeneous diseases. Many approaches to anticancer treatment have had limited success — cures are still rare. A fundamental hurdle to cancer therapy is acquired tumour 'robustness'. The goal of this article is to present a perspective on cancer as a robust system to provide a framework from which the complexity of tumours can be approached to yield novel therapies.