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Original Article |
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Neuropsychopharmacology (2000) 22 566-580.10.1038/sj.npp.1395490
Synergistic Effects of Interleukin-1 , Interleukin-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor- : Central Monoamine, Corticosterone, and Behavioral Variations
Karen Brebner1 MS, Shawn Hayley1 MS, Robert Zacharko1 Ph.D, Zul Merali2 Ph.D and Hymie Anisman1 Ph.D |
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1Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
2School of Psychology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Correspondence: Dr Hymie Anisman, Life Sciences Research Building, Carleton University. Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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ABSTRACT
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The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) influence neuroendocrine activity, promote central neurotransmitter alterations, and induce a constellation of symptoms collectively referred to as sickness behaviors. These cytokines may also elicit anxiety and anhedonia, and have been associated with psychological disturbances in humans. In the present investigation, systemic IL-1 and TNF- dose-dependently and synergistically disrupted consumption of a highly palatable food source (chocolate milk), possibly reflecting anorexia or anhedonia engendered by the treatments. As well, these cytokines synergistically increased plasma corticosterone levels. Although IL-1 and TNF- provoked variations of amine turnover in the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus, and central amygdala, synergistic effects were not evident in this respect. Nevertheless, in view of the central amine variations induced by the cytokines, it is suggested that immune activation may come to influence complex behavioral processes, as well as affective state.
Keywords: Cytokines; Corticosterone; Dopamine; Monoamines; Neurochemical; Norepinephrine; Serotonin; Synergism; IL-1; IL-6; TNF- |
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