Article abstract
Nature Photonics 1, 336 - 342 (2007)
Published online: 1 June 2007 | doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.76
Subject Category: Lasers, LEDs and light sources
Operation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window
W. Ackermann1, G. Asova2, V. Ayvazyan3, A. Azima3, N. Baboi3, J. Bähr2, V. Balandin3, B. Beutner4, A. Brandt3, A. Bolzmann5, R. Brinkmann3, O. I. Brovko6, M. Castellano7, P. Castro3, L. Catani8, E. Chiadroni8, S. Choroba3, A. Cianchi8, J. T. Costello9, D. Cubaynes10, J. Dardis9, W. Decking3, H. Delsim-Hashemi4, A. Delserieys11, G. Di Pirro7, M. Dohlus3, S. Düsterer3, A. Eckhardt4, H. T. Edwards12, B. Faatz3, J. Feldhaus3, K. Flöttmann3, J. Frisch13, L. Fröhlich4, T. Garvey14, U. Gensch2, Ch. Gerth3, M. Görler3, N. Golubeva3, H.-J. Grabosch2, M. Grecki15, O. Grimm3, K. Hacker3,4, U. Hahn3, J. H. Han3, K. Honkavaara4, T. Hott3, M. Hüning3, Y. Ivanisenko16, E. Jaeschke17, W. Jalmuzna18, T. Jezynski15, R. Kammering3, V. Katalev3, K. Kavanagh9, E. T. Kennedy9, S. Khodyachykh2, K. Klose2, V. Kocharyan3, M. Körfer3, M. Kollewe3, W. Koprek18, S. Korepanov2, D. Kostin3, M. Krassilnikov2, G. Kube3, M. Kuhlmann3, C. L. S. Lewis11, L. Lilje3, T. Limberg3, D. Lipka3, F. Löhl4, H. Luna9, M. Luong19, M. Martins4, M. Meyer10, P. Michelato20, V. Miltchev4, W. D. Möller3, L. Monaco20, W. F. O. Müller1, O. Napieralski15, O. Napoly19, P. Nicolosi21, D. Nölle3, T. Nuñez3, A. Oppelt2, C. Pagani20, R. Paparella19, N. Pchalek3,4, J. Pedregosa-Gutierrez9, B. Petersen3, B. Petrosyan2, G. Petrosyan3, L. Petrosyan3, J. Pflüger3, E. Plönjes3, L. Poletto2, K. Pozniak18, E. Prat3,4, D. Proch3, P. Pucyk18, P. Radcliffe3, H. Redlin3, K. Rehlich3, M. Richter22, M. Roehrs3,4, J. Roensch4, R. Romaniuk18, M. Ross13, J. Rossbach4, V. Rybnikov3, M. Sachwitz2, E. L. Saldin3, W. Sandner23, H. Schlarb3, B. Schmidt3, M. Schmitz3, P. Schmüser4, J. R. Schneider3, E. A. Schneidmiller3, S. Schnepp1, S. Schreiber3, M. Seidel3,24, D. Sertore20, A. V. Shabunov6, C. Simon19, S. Simrock3, E. Sombrowski3, A. A. Sorokin25,22, P. Spanknebel26, R. Spesyvtsev16, L. Staykov2, B. Steffen3, F. Stephan2, F. Stulle3, H. Thom3, K. Tiedtke3, M. Tischer3, S. Toleikis3, R. Treusch3, D. Trines3, I. Tsakov27, E. Vogel3, T. Weiland1, H. Weise3, M. Wellhöfer4, M. Wendt3,12, I. Will23, A. Winter3, K. Wittenburg3, W. Wurth4, P. Yeates9, M. V. Yurkov3, I. Zagorodnov3 & K. Zapfe3
Abstract
We report results on the performance of a free-electron laser operating at a wavelength of 13.7 nm where unprecedented peak and average powers for a coherent extreme-ultraviolet radiation source have been measured. In the saturation regime, the peak energy approached 170 
J for individual pulses, and the average energy per pulse reached 70 J. The pulse duration was in the region of 10 fs, and peak powers of 10 GW were achieved. At a pulse repetition frequency of 700 pulses per second, the average extreme-ultraviolet power reached 20 mW. The output beam also contained a significant contribution from odd harmonics of approximately 0.6% and 0.03% for the 3rd (4.6 nm) and the 5th (2.75 nm) harmonics, respectively. At 2.75 nm the 5th harmonic of the radiation reaches deep into the water window, a wavelength range that is crucially important for the investigation of biological samples.
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, FB 18, Institut TEMF, Schlossgartenstr. 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Bayerische Julius-Maximilians Universität, Institut für Theor. Physik und Astrophysik, Am Hubland, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
- INFN-LNF, via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
- INFN-Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- National Center for Plasma Science and Technology and School for Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- LIXAM/CNRS, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, Batiment 350, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- International Research Centre for Experimental Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS 306, P.O.Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Laboratoire de L'Accelerateur Lineaire, IN2P3-CNRS, Universite de Paris-Sud, B.P. 34, 91898 Orsay, France
- Technical University of Lodz, Al. Politechniki 11, Lodz, Poland
- Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody sq, 61077, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- BESSY GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str.15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw, Poland
- CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- INFN Milano-LASA, via Fratelli Cervi 201,l 20090 Segrate ( MI), Italy
- CNR-INFM, Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB, Abbestrasse 2-12, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institute, Max-Born-Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute RAS, Polytekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Humboldt Universität, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nuclear Researches and Nuclear Energy, Tzarigradsko Shaussee Boulevard 72, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
Correspondence to: M. V. Yurkov3 email: e-mail: mikhail.yurkov@desy.de
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