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The crossover from two dimensions to one dimension in granular electronic materials

Nature Nanotechnology volume 4, pages 368–372 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Granular conductors1 are solids comprising densely packed nanoparticles, and have electrical properties that are determined by the size, composition and packing of the composite nanoparticles. The ability to control these properties in two- and three-dimensional granular conductors has made such systems appropriate for use as prototypes for investigating new physics1,2,3,4. However, the fabrication of strictly one-dimensional granular conductors remains challenging. Here, we describe a method for the assembly of nanoparticles into granular solids that can be tuned continuously from two to one dimension, and establish how electron transport evolves between these limits. We find that the energy barriers to transport increase in the one-dimensional limit, in both the variable-range-hopping (low-voltage) and sequential-tunnelling (high-voltage) regimes. Furthermore, in the sequential-tunnelling regime we find an unexpected relationship between the temperature and the voltage at which the conductance becomes appreciable — a relationship that appears peculiar to one-dimensional systems. These results are explained by extrapolating existing granular conductor theories to one dimension.

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Figure 1: Assembling QDs into one-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional arrays.
Figure 2: Conductance measurement of the QD arrays.
Figure 3: Electrical properties of the QD arrays at high voltage.
Figure 4: Temperature dependence of the threshold voltage.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Peigen Cao and Yue Zou (Caltech) for helpful discussions and Xingchen Ye and C. B. Murray (University of Pennsylvania) for providing the gold quantum dots. This work was supported by the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the MARCO Center for Advanced Materials and Devices.

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Author notes

  1. Ke Xu and Lidong Qin: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC 127-72, Pasadena, 91125, California, USA

    Ke Xu, Lidong Qin & James R. Heath

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  1. Ke Xu
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  2. Lidong Qin
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  3. James R. Heath
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Correspondence to James R. Heath.

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Xu, K., Qin, L. & Heath, J. The crossover from two dimensions to one dimension in granular electronic materials. Nature Nanotech 4, 368–372 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.81

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