Nature Methods
- 3, 995 - 1000 (2006)
Published online: 29 October 2006; | doi:10.1038/nmeth947
Direct observation of individual endogenous protein complexes in situ by proximity ligationOla Söderberg1, 3, Mats Gullberg1, 3, Malin Jarvius1, 3, Karin Ridderstråle2, Karl-Johan Leuchowius1, Jonas Jarvius1, Kenneth Wester1, Per Hydbring2, Fuad Bahram2, Lars-Gunnar Larsson2 & Ulf Landegren11
Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, University of Uppsala, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden. 2
Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala Genetic Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. 3
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence should be addressed to ulf.landegren@genpat.uu.se Cellular processes can only be understood as the dynamic interplay of molecules. There is a need for techniques to monitor interactions of endogenous proteins directly in individual cells and tissues to reveal the cellular and molecular architecture and its responses to perturbations. Here we report our adaptation of the recently developed proximity ligation method to examine the subcellular localization of protein-protein interactions at single-molecule resolution. Proximity probes—oligonucleotides attached to antibodies against the two target proteins—guided the formation of circular DNA strands when bound in close proximity. The DNA circles in turn served as templates for localized rolling-circle amplification (RCA), allowing individual interacting pairs of protein molecules to be visualized and counted in human cell lines and clinical specimens. We used this method to show specific regulation of protein-protein interactions between endogenous Myc and Max oncogenic transcription factors in response to interferon- (IFN-) signaling and low-molecular-weight inhibitors.
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