Abstract
Natural surfaces are often structured with nanometre-scale domains, yet a framework providing a quantitative understanding of how nanostructure affects interfacial energy, γSL, is lacking. Conventional continuum thermodynamics treats γSL solely as a function of average composition, ignoring structure. Here we show that, when a surface has domains commensurate in size with solvent molecules, γSL is determined not only by its average composition but also by a structural component that causes γSL to deviate from the continuum prediction by a substantial amount, as much as 20% in our system. By contrasting surfaces coated with either molecular- (<2 nm) or larger-scale domains (>5 nm), we find that whereas the latter surfaces have the expected linear dependence of γSL on surface composition, the former show a markedly different non-monotonic trend. Molecular dynamics simulations show how the organization of the solvent molecules at the interface is controlled by the nanostructured surface, which in turn appreciably modifies γSL.
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Acknowledgements
F.S. is grateful to the Packard Foundation and to the National Science Foundation CAREER Award (DMR 06-45323) for their generous awards. J.J.K. was partly supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. K.V. acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation. C.S., H.J. and S.C.G. acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation under grant number CTS-0403633. S.M. acknowledges financial support from the University of London Central Research Fund, the Institute of Biomedical Engineering and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. M.M.S. thanks the European Research Council for financial support.
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J.J.K., K.V. and F.S. conceived the experiments. J.J.K. and S.M. fabricated the nanoparticle films and carried out contact angle measurements. J.J.K. fabricated the large-domain films and carried out contact angle measurements. K.V. carried out AFM measurements and analysed the AFM data, except roughness measurements (J.J.K.). J.J.K., K.V., S.M., M.M.S. and F.S. analysed the experimental data. C.S., H.J., P.K.G. and S.C.G. designed the simulations, H.J. carried out the simulations and C.S., H.J. and S.C.G. analysed the simulation data. J.J.K., K.V., C.S., H.J., S.C.G. and F.S. wrote most of the article. M.M.S. and S.M. contributed to manuscript revision.
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Kuna, J., Voïtchovsky, K., Singh, C. et al. The effect of nanometre-scale structure on interfacial energy. Nature Mater 8, 837–842 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2534
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2534
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