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Nature Materials 7, 519–520 (1 July 2008) | doi:10.1038/nmat2213

Nanobiology: Particles slip cell security

Tian Xia , Leonard Rome & Andre Nel

The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells has evolved over millions of years into a highly effective, protective and efficient permeability barrier that only allows the passage of small, uncharged molecules. All other compounds, particularly polar substances such as ions, sugars and amino acids, need to use specialized channels and membrane transporters to get across.