Combination of silicon and polymer microfabrication with directed growth of muscle cells leads to integration of muscle function into microelectromechanical systems. These hybrid systems enable detailed functional understanding of the biological components and new applications as biomicromechanical devices.
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Spatz, J. Building up micromuscles. Nature Mater 4, 115–116 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1315
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1315
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