Letter abstract
Nature Materials 3, 444 - 447 (2004)
doi:10.1038/nmat1155
Direct laser writing of three-dimensional photonic-crystal templates for telecommunications
Markus Deubel1, Georg von Freymann1, Martin Wegener2, Suresh Pereira3, Kurt Busch3,4 and Costas M. Soukoulis5
The past decade has witnessed intensive research efforts related to the design and fabrication of photonic crystals1, 2. These periodically structured dielectric materials can represent the optical analogue of semiconductor crystals, and provide a novel platform for the realization of integrated photonics. Despite intensive efforts, inexpensive fabrication techniques for large-scale three-dimensional photonic crystals of high enough quality, with photonic bandgaps at near-infrared frequencies, and built-in functional elements for telecommunication applications, have been elusive. Direct laser writing by multiphoton polymerization3 of a photoresist has emerged as a technique for the rapid, cheap and flexible fabrication of nanostructures for photonics. In 1999, so-called layer-by-layer4 or woodpile photonic crystals were fabricated with a fundamental stop band at 3.9 
m wavelength5. In 2002, a corresponding 1.9 m was achieved6, but the important face-centred-cubic (f.c.c.) symmetry was abandoned. Importantly, fundamental stop bands or photonic bandgaps at telecommunication wavelengths have not been demonstrated. In this letter, we report the fabrication—through direct laser writing—and detailed characterization of high-quality large-scale f.c.c. layer-by-layer structures, with fundamental stop bands ranging from 1.3 to 1.7 m.
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
-
Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Wolfgang-Gaede-Stra
e 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Theorie der Kondensierten Materie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics and School of Optics: CREOL & FPCE, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
Correspondence to: Costas M. Soukoulis5 e-mail: soukoulis@ameslab.gov
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