Abstract
Photonic crystals offer unprecedented opportunity for light manipulation and applications in optical communication and sensing1,2,3,4. Exploration of topology in photonic crystals and metamaterials with non-zero gauge field has inspired a number of intriguing optical phenomena such as one-way transport and Weyl points5,6,7,8,9,10. Recently, a new degree of freedom, valley, has been demonstrated in two-dimensional materials11,12,13,14,15. Here, we propose a concept of valley photonic crystals with electromagnetic duality symmetry but broken inversion symmetry. We observe photonic valley Hall effect originating from valley-dependent spin-split bulk bands, even in topologically trivial photonic crystals. Valley–spin locking behaviour results in selective net spin flow inside bulk valley photonic crystals. We also show the independent control of valley and topology in a single system that has been long pursued in electronic systems, resulting in topologically-protected flat edge states. Valley photonic crystals not only offer a route towards the observation of non-trivial states, but also open the way for device applications in integrated photonics and information processing using spin-dependent transportation.
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Acknowledgements
This work was primarily funded by the ‘Light-Material Interactions in Energy Conversion’ Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award Number DE-AC02-05CH11231; the analysis of the bianisotropy–nonbianisotropy configuration is supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) MURI programme under Grant No. N00014-13-1-0678. J.-W.D. acknowledges support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (11522437, 11274396), the Guangdong Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar (S2013050015694), Guangdong special support program, and the SYSU visiting grant.
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X.Z. and J.-W.D. conceived the project. J.-W.D. and X.-D.C. developed and completed the idea. J.-W.D., X.-D.C., H.Z. and Y.W. analysed the data. All authors contributed to discussions and manuscript writing.
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Dong, JW., Chen, XD., Zhu, H. et al. Valley photonic crystals for control of spin and topology. Nature Mater 16, 298–302 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4807
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4807
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