In a uniformly aligned liquid crystal, colloidal particles having a number of holes give rise to arrays of topological defects that are associated with the particles' topology.
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Terentjev, E. Interplay of topologies. Nature Mater 12, 187–189 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3583
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3583
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