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Review
Nature Medicine 8, 1363 - 1368 (2002)
doi:10.1038/nm1202-1363
The many faces of tumor necrosis factor in stroke
John M. Hallenbeck1
Abstract
The cytokine, TNF, participates in virtually every aspect of stroke. Its effects, however, often appear contradictory. Analysis of the current model for TNF receptor signaling and TNF interactions with other stroke mediators helps to resolve some of these apparent discrepancies.
Cytokines are soluble extracellular proteins and glycoproteins that are produced in response to injurious stimuli by virtually every nucleated cell1, unlike hormones that are produced in clusters of cells organized into glands. Cytokines tend to act locally on cells expressing complementary receptors in a paracrine or autocrine fashion rather than systemically.
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