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Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria, is transmitted by a mosquito into the dermis and must reach the liver before infecting erythrocytes and causing disease. On page 220, Menard and colleagues present a realtime analysis of the fate of parasites in mice and identify a previously unrecognized step of the parasite life cycle. The image shows a scanning electron micrograph of the mosquito's proboscis. Credit: VEM / Photo Researchers, Inc
Not satisfied with just his pioneering research in programmed cell death, immunologist John 'J.J.' Cohen has spent years sharing his fascination with science with the lucky citizens of Denver, Colorado.
A new type of immune system cell now comes to light in mice: the interferon-producing killer dendritic cell (IKDC). This cell shares many features with dendritic cells and with natural killer cells. It has cytotoxic and antitumor activity, produces interferons and develops antigen presentation capacity (pages 207–213 and 214–219).
Melanoma may be promoted by low oxygen conditions in the skin, which turn on the oxygen-response regulator HIF-1. HIF-1 seems to act in concert with well-established oncoproteins to promote tumorigenesis—a process that responds to the drug rapamycin.
Real-time imaging of malaria sporozoites in mammalian skin and lymph nodes gives new insight into parasite migratory behavior and transit through vasculature (pages 220–224).
Vascular endothelial cells respond to alarm signals of the body by angiogenesis or inflammation. The balance between these two responses is now pinned to two regulators of angiogenesis. Angiopoietin-1 dampens the inflammatory response, and angiopoietin-2 boosts it (pages 235–239).