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Hair cells in the mammalian cochlea are crucial for hearing. In this issue, Raphael and colleagues (p. 271) show that gene therapy with Atoh1 can promote the growth of new hair cells, leading to recovery of hearing in deaf guinea pigs. Photo courtesy of Yehoash Raphael
Hearing loss is generally incurable because the sensory cells of the cochlea, the hair cells, do not regenerate. Viral introduction of the transcription factor Math1 into the damaged cochlea now brings back lost hair cells and partially restores hearing in deaf guinea pigs (pages 271–276).
Using siRNA-mediated intereference in a therapeutic setting will require a close examination of a disturbing side effect: under some circumstances, the technique induces an immune response. Signaling through a toll-like receptor is now implicated in this response in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pages 263–270).
Two forms of glial cells have distinct roles in the neuroinflammatory cascade of a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. These cells serve as key targets for therapeutic intervention (pages 328–334 and 335–339).
The gut contains most of the immune cells in the body, yet fights off bacteria only if they are pathogenic, leaving commensal microbes largely unscathed. Two studies examine the basis for this effect.
Natural killer T cells share properties of both T cells and natural killer cells. Absence of this unusual cell type might underlie the immune disorder X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (pages 340–345).
An unlikely candidate emerges as a potential new tumor suppressor: p18, a protein that helps hook tRNAs up to amino acids. p18 also mediates repair of breaks in DNA, keeping cancer at bay.