A biomedical research journal devoted to publishing the latest and most exciting advances in biomedical research for scientists and physicians. http://www.nature.com/nm/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © 2004 Nature Publishing Group Nature Medicine 1078-8956 © 2004 Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nm_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/nm/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-759 Science, not politics doi:10.1038/nm0804-759 Nature Medicine 10, 759 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 Editorial 759 759 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-761 Apoorva Mandavilli Asian epidemic, abstinence top AIDS meeting agenda Apoorva Mandavilli doi:10.1038/nm0804-761 Nature Medicine 10, 761 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 761 761 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-762a Tinker Ready Research with premature infant livers touches a nerve Tinker Ready doi:10.1038/nm0804-762a Nature Medicine 10, 762 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 762 762 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-762b Laura Spinney London calling for British medical research institute Laura Spinney doi:10.1038/nm0804-762b Nature Medicine 10, 762 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 762 762 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-763a Xavier Bosch Disputed expenses at heart of Moncada's Spanish spat Xavier Bosch doi:10.1038/nm0804-763a Nature Medicine 10, 763 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 763 763 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-763b David Cyranoski Japan sets rules for stem cell research David Cyranoski doi:10.1038/nm0804-763b Nature Medicine 10, 763 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 763 763 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-764a Alla Katsnelson Experts call for smarter approach to targeted therapies Alla Katsnelson doi:10.1038/nm0804-764a Nature Medicine 10, 764 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 764 764 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-764b Leslie Harris O'Hanlon Ovarian transplants restore fertility in cancer patients Leslie Harris O'Hanlon doi:10.1038/nm0804-764b Nature Medicine 10, 764 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 764 764 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-765 News In Brief doi:10.1038/nm0804-765 Nature Medicine 10, 765 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News 765 765 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-766 Kris Novak Profile: Irving Weissman Kris Novak doi:10.1038/nm0804-766 Nature Medicine 10, 766 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 766 766 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-767 Aparna Surendran The virtuous virus Aparna Surendran doi:10.1038/nm0804-767 Nature Medicine 10, 767 (2004) 2004-07-22 Nature Medicine 2004-07-22 10 8 News 767 768 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-769 Research groups worldwide are trying to make immunogens intended to elicit neutralizing antibody responses as part of a prophylactic vaccine to counter the spread of HIV-1. The relative merits of different designs can only be gauged properly through comparative studies, and particularly by evaluating human or animal antisera under identical, or comparable, conditions. Hence there is a need for assay standardization and for the creation of a centralized testing facility that could distribute consensus protocols and reagents. Urgently needed: a filter for the HIV-1 vaccine pipeline John P Moore Dennis R Burton doi:10.1038/nm0804-769 Nature Medicine 10, 769 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 Commentary 769 771 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-773 A scientific basis for safety Gilbert S Omenn doi:10.1038/nm0804-773 Nature Medicine 10, 773 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 Book Review 773 773 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-775 RNA interference in the brain inhibits neurodegeneration in a polyglutamine disease, SCA1. Is this now the way forward for the clinical treatment of certain genetic disorders (pages 816–820)? RNAi quashes polyQ Natasha J Caplen doi:10.1038/nm0804-775 Nature Medicine 10, 775 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 775 776 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-776 Tracking down huntingtin Juan Carlos López doi:10.1038/nm0804-776 Nature Medicine 10, 776 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 776 776 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-777 Can tumor progression be understood in terms of the redeployment of mechanisms used in embryonic development? The identification of Twist, a bHLH transcription factor, as a protein linked to metastases in breast cancers would suggest so. Breast cancer progression with a Twist Jean Paul Thiery Matthew Morgan doi:10.1038/nm0804-777 Nature Medicine 10, 777 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 777 778 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-778 The cytoplasmic protein TRIM5α blocks the growth of HIV in rhesus monkey cells. Three studies now show that TRIM5α is an even more broadly active inhibitor. It impairs the growth of highly divergent retroviruses in human and other primate cells and fully accounts for many previously described antiretroviral activities. Redistricting the retroviral restriction factors Warner C Greene doi:10.1038/nm0804-778 Nature Medicine 10, 778 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 778 780 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-780 Staphylococcal pneumonia is associated with a huge influx of inflammatory cells into the lungs. A major trigger for this event is now revealed. Protein A, a bacterial surface protein, binds the receptor for TNFα, a prominent activator of the innate immune system (pages 842–848). Staphylococcal protein A inflames the lungs Birgitta Henriques Normark Staffan Normark Anna Norrby-Teglund doi:10.1038/nm0804-780 Nature Medicine 10, 780 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 780 781 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-782 For gene therapy of muscular dystrophies, all of the skeletal muscles in the body must be transduced—a tough challenge. An approach that permeabilizes blood vessels using VEGF, helping low doses of a parvovirus-based gene therapy vector sneak across the vessel wall, now solves this problem in mice (pages 828–834). Gene delivery goes global Clare E Thomas doi:10.1038/nm0804-782 Nature Medicine 10, 782 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 782 783 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-783 Two new approaches prevent disease in a model of type 1 diabetes. One approach blocks an activation receptor on disease-conferring T cells. The second deploys suppressor T cells renowned for their ability to inhibit the local immune response. Type 1 diabetes: focus on prevention Harald von Boehmer doi:10.1038/nm0804-783 Nature Medicine 10, 783 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 783 784 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-785 Research Highlights doi:10.1038/nm0804-785 Nature Medicine 10, 785 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 785 785 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-786 When the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (Gleevec) was found to induce high remission rates in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, this was hailed as a success for targeted tumor therapy. Since then, the repertoire of cancer types that respond to such inhibitors has expanded and researchers are beginning to grapple with the problem of acquired drug resistance. The activating kinase mutations targeted by these drugs can be viewed as the Achilles heel of cancer—they promote malignant progression, yet can turn cancer into a therapeutically exploitable disease. Treating cancer's kinase 'addiction' José Baselga Joaquín Arribas doi:10.1038/nm0804-786 Nature Medicine 10, 786 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 786 787 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-788 Historical Research Highlights doi:10.1038/nm0804-788 Nature Medicine 10, 788 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 News and Views 788 788 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1087 Cancer genes and the pathways they control Bert Vogelstein Kenneth W Kinzler doi:10.1038/nm1087 Nature Medicine 10, 789 (2004) 2004-07-30 Nature Medicine 2004-07-30 10 8 Historical Perspective 789 799 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-801 Anne O'Garra & Paulo Vieira Regulatory T cells and mechanisms of immune system control Anne O'Garra Paulo Vieira doi:10.1038/nm0804-801 Nature Medicine 10, 801 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 Perspective 801 805 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-806 Giuseppe Pantaleo & Richard A Koup Correlates of immune protection in HIV-1 infection: what we know, what we don't know, what we should know Giuseppe Pantaleo Richard A Koup doi:10.1038/nm0804-806 Nature Medicine 10, 806 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 Perspective 806 810 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1077 Here we show, in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 37,107 fully immunized infants in Soweto, South Africa, that a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PncCV, prevents 31% (95% confidence interval = 15–43%) of pneumonias associated with any of seven respiratory viruses in children in hospital. These data suggest that the pneumococcus has a major role in the development of pneumonia associated with these viruses and that viruses contribute to the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia.NOTE: In the version of this article originally published online, the species name was misspelled Streptococcus pnemoniae in the title of the article. The name should be Streptococcus pneumoniae. This error has been corrected for the HTML and print versions of the article. A role for Streptococcus pneumoniae in virus-associated pneumonia Shabir A Madhi Keith P Klugman The Vaccine Trialist Group doi:10.1038/nm1077 Nature Medicine 10, 811 (2004) 2004-07-11 Nature Medicine 2004-07-11 10 8 Brief Communication 811 813 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1078 There are no studies so far linking molecular regulation of lymphangiogenesis and induction of adaptive immunity. Here, we show that blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) signaling significantly suppresses corneal antigen-presenting (dendritic) cell trafficking to draining lymph nodes, induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity and rejection of corneal transplants. Regulating the function of VEGFR-3 may therefore be a mechanism for modulating adaptive immunity in the periphery. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 mediates induction of corneal alloimmunity Lu Chen Pedram Hamrah Claus Cursiefen Qiang Zhang Bronislaw Pytowski J Wayne Streilein M Reza Dana doi:10.1038/nm1078 Nature Medicine 10, 813 (2004) 2004-07-04 Nature Medicine 2004-07-04 10 8 Brief Communication 813 815 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1076 Haibin Xia, Qinwen Mao, Steven L Eliason, Scott Q Harper, Inês H Martins, Harry T Orr, Henry L Paulson, Linda Yang, Robert M Kotin & Beverly L Davidson RNAi suppresses polyglutamine-induced neurodegeneration in a model of spinocerebellar ataxia Haibin Xia Qinwen Mao Steven L Eliason Scott Q Harper Inês H Martins Harry T Orr Henry L Paulson Linda Yang Robert M Kotin Beverly L Davidson doi:10.1038/nm1076 Nature Medicine 10, 816 (2004) 2004-07-04 Nature Medicine 2004-07-04 10 8 Article 816 820 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1082 Xiaohai Wang, Gregory Arcuino, Takahiro Takano, Jane Lin, Wei Guo Peng, Pinglan Wan, Pingjia Li, Qiwu Xu, Qing Song Liu, Steven A Goldman & Maiken Nedergaard P2X7 receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury Xiaohai Wang Gregory Arcuino Takahiro Takano Jane Lin Wei Guo Peng Pinglan Wan Pingjia Li Qiwu Xu Qing Song Liu Steven A Goldman Maiken Nedergaard doi:10.1038/nm1082 Nature Medicine 10, 821 (2004) 2004-07-18 Nature Medicine 2004-07-18 10 8 Article 821 827 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1085 Paul Gregorevic, Michael J Blankinship, James M Allen, Robert W Crawford, Leonard Meuse, Daniel G Miller, David W Russell & Jeffrey S Chamberlain Systemic delivery of genes to striated muscles using adeno-associated viral vectors Paul Gregorevic Michael J Blankinship James M Allen Robert W Crawford Leonard Meuse Daniel G Miller David W Russell Jeffrey S Chamberlain doi:10.1038/nm1085 Nature Medicine 10, 828 (2004) 2004-07-25 Nature Medicine 2004-07-25 10 8 Article 828 834 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1086 Minoru Tahara, Robert G Pergolizzi, Hiroyasu Kobayashi, Anja Krause, Karsta Luettich, Martin L Lesser & Ronald G Crystal Trans-splicing repair of CD40 ligand deficiency results in naturally regulated correction of a mouse model of hyper-IgM X-linked immunodeficiency Minoru Tahara Robert G Pergolizzi Hiroyasu Kobayashi Anja Krause Karsta Luettich Martin L Lesser Ronald G Crystal doi:10.1038/nm1086 Nature Medicine 10, 835 (2004) 2004-07-25 Nature Medicine 2004-07-25 10 8 Article 835 841 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1079 Marisa I Gómez, Aram Lee, Bharat Reddy, Amanda Muir, Grace Soong, Allyson Pitt, Ambrose Cheung & Alice Prince Staphylococcus aureus protein A induces airway epithelial inflammatory responses by activating TNFR1 Marisa I Gómez Aram Lee Bharat Reddy Amanda Muir Grace Soong Allyson Pitt Ambrose Cheung Alice Prince doi:10.1038/nm1079 Nature Medicine 10, 842 (2004) 2004-07-11 Nature Medicine 2004-07-11 10 8 Article 842 848 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1084 Toshiyuki Araki, M Golam Mohi, Fraz A Ismat, Roderick T Bronson, Ifor R Williams, Jeffery L Kutok, Wentian Yang, Lily I Pao, D Gary Gilliland, Jonathan A Epstein & Benjamin G Neel Mouse model of Noonan syndrome reveals cell type– and gene dosage–dependent effects of Ptpn11 mutation Toshiyuki Araki M Golam Mohi Fraz A Ismat Roderick T Bronson Ifor R Williams Jeffery L Kutok Wentian Yang Lily I Pao D Gary Gilliland Jonathan A Epstein Benjamin G Neel doi:10.1038/nm1084 Nature Medicine 10, 849 (2004) 2004-07-25 Nature Medicine 2004-07-25 10 8 Article 849 857 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1075 Daniel J Ceradini, Anita R Kulkarni, Matthew J Callaghan, Oren M Tepper, Nicholas Bastidas, Mark E Kleinman, Jennifer M Capla, Robert D Galiano, Jamie P Levine & Geoffrey C Gurtner Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1 Daniel J Ceradini Anita R Kulkarni Matthew J Callaghan Oren M Tepper Nicholas Bastidas Mark E Kleinman Jennifer M Capla Robert D Galiano Jamie P Levine Geoffrey C Gurtner doi:10.1038/nm1075 Nature Medicine 10, 858 (2004) 2004-07-04 Nature Medicine 2004-07-04 10 8 Letter 858 864 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1081 Nobuaki Miyahara, Bradley J Swanson, Katsuyuki Takeda, Christian Taube, Satoko Miyahara, Taku Kodama, Azzeddine Dakhama, Vanessa L Ott & Erwin W Gelfand Effector CD8+ T cells mediate inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness Nobuaki Miyahara Bradley J Swanson Katsuyuki Takeda Christian Taube Satoko Miyahara Taku Kodama Azzeddine Dakhama Vanessa L Ott Erwin W Gelfand doi:10.1038/nm1081 Nature Medicine 10, 865 (2004) 2004-07-18 Nature Medicine 2004-07-18 10 8 Letter 865 869 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1080 An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus Elisabetta Traggiai Stephan Becker Kanta Subbarao Larissa Kolesnikova Yasushi Uematsu Maria Rita Gismondo Brian R Murphy Rino Rappuoli Antonio Lanzavecchia doi:10.1038/nm1080 Nature Medicine 10, 871 (2004) 2004-07-11 Nature Medicine 2004-07-11 10 8 Technical Report 871 875 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0804-877 New on the market doi:10.1038/nm0804-877 Nature Medicine 10, 877 (2004) Nature Medicine 10 8 New on the Market 877 877