Multiple sclerosis: TNF revisited, with promise

The antidepressant drug rolipram inhibits tumor necrosis factor-. This may make it an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (pages 244−248).

1. Sommer, N. et al. The antidepressant rolipram suppresses cytokine production and prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nature Med. 1, 244−248 (1995). | Article | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
2. O'Garra, A. & Murphy, K. T-cell subsets in autoimmunity. Curr. Opin. Immun. 6, 458−466 (1994). | Article | ChemPort |
3. Raine, C.S. Demyelinating diseases. In Textbook of Neuropathology, (R.L. Davis, & D.M. Robertson, eds) 535−620 (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1990).
4. Raine, C.S. Morphology of myelin and myelination in Myelin (P. Morell, ed.) 1−50 (Plenum, New York, 1984).
5. Brosnan, C.F., Cammer, W., Norton, W.T. & Bloom, B.R. Proteinase inhibitors suppress the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nature 285, 235−237 (1980). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
6. Selmaj, K.W. & Raine, C.S. Tumor necrosis factor mediates myelin and oligodendrocyte damage in vitro. Ann. Neurol. 23, 339−346 (1988). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
7. Selmaj, K.W., Farooq, M., Norton, W.T., Raine, C.S. & Brosnan, C.F. Proliferation of astrocytes in vitro in response to cytokines. A primary role for tumor necrosis factor. J. Immun. 147, 129−135 (1990).
8. Selmaj, K.W., Raine, C.S., Farooq, M., Norton, W.T. & Brosnan, C.F. Cytokine cytotoxicity against oligodendrocytes. Apoptosis induced by lymphotoxin. J. Immun. 147, 1522−1529 (1991). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
9. Ruddle, N.H. & Waksman, B.H. Cytotoxicity mediated by soluble antigen and lymphocytes in delayed hypersensitivity. Part 1. Characterization of the phenomenon. J. exp. Med. 128, 1237−1254 (1968). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
10. Ruddle, N.H. et al. An antibody to lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor prevents transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. exp. Med. 172, 1193−1200 (1990). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
11. Selmaj, K.W., Raine, C.S. & Cross, A.H. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy abrogates autoimmune demyelination. Ann. Neurol. 30, 694−700 (1991). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
12. Hofman, F.M., Hinton, D.R., Johnson, K. & Merrill, J.E. Tumor necrosis factor identified in multiple sclerosis brain. J. exp. Med. 170, 607−612 (1989). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
13. Selmaj, K.W., Raine, C.S., Cannella, B. & Brosnan, C.F. Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions. J. clin. Invest. 87, 949−954 (1991). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
14. Sharief, M.K. & Hentges, R. Association between tumor necrosis factor- and disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis. New. Engl. J. Med. 325, 467−472 (1991). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
15. Tsukada, N., Matsuda, M., Miyagi, K. & Yanagisawa, N. Increased levels of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 43, 2679−2682 (1993). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
16. Monastra, G., Cross, A.H., Bruni, A. & Raine, C.S. Phosphatidylserine, a putative inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor, prevents autoimmune demyelination. Neurology 43, 153−163 (1993). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
17. Baker, D., Butler, D., Scallon, B.J., O'Neill, J.K., Turk, J.L. & Feldmann, M. Control of established experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity within the central nervous system using monoclonal antibodies and TNF receptor-immunoglobulin fusion proteins. Eur. J. Immun. 24, 2040−2048 (1994). | ISI | ChemPort |
18. Selmaj, K., Papierz, W., Glabinski, A. & Kohno, T. Prevention of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. J. Neuroimmun. (in the press).
19. Genain, C.P. et al. Prevention of autoimmune demyelination in non-human cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in the press).
20. Massacesi, L., Genain, C.P., Lee-Paritz, D., Letvin, N.L., Canfield, D. & Hauser, S.L. Actively and passively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets: A new model for multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol, (in the press).
21. Jacobs, C.A. et al. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is exacerbated by IL-1 alpha and suppressed by soluble IL-1 receptor. J. Immun. 146, 2983−2989 (1991). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
22. Racke, M.K. et al. Cytokine-induced immune deviation as a therapy for inflammatory autoimmune disease. J. exp. Med. 180, 1961−1966 (1994). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
23. Rott, O., Fleischer, B. & Cash, E. Interleukin-10 prevents experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. Eur. J. Immun. 24, 1434−1440 (1994). | ISI | ChemPort |
24. Leonard, J.P., Waldburger, K.E. & Goldman, S.J. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against interleukin 12. J. exp. Med. 181, 381−386 (1995). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
25. Billiau, A. et al. Enhancement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice by antibodies against IFN-. J. Immun. 140, 1506−1510 (1988). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
26. Racke, M.K., Dhib-Jalbut, S., Cannella, B., Albert, P.S., Raine, C.S. & McFarlin, D.E. Prevention and treatment of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by transforming growth factor-beta 1. J. Immun. 146, 3012−3017 (1991). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
27. Johns, L.D., Flanders, K.C., Ranhes, G.E. & Sriram, S. Successful treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with transforming growth factor- 1. J. Immun. 147, 1792−1796 (1991). | PubMed  | ISI | ChemPort |
28. Kuruvilla, A.P., Shah, R., Hochwald, G.M., Liggitt, H.D., Palladino, M.A. & Thorbecke, G.I. Protective effect of transforming growth factor- 1 on experimental autoimmune diseases in mice. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 2918−2921 (1991). | ChemPort |

	Top

	Top