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Nature Immunology 9, 459–461 (1 May 2008) | doi:10.1038/ni0508-459

'Fine tuning' TLR signaling

Luke A J O'Neill

If the innate immune response goes unchecked, the host-defense function of innate immunity as a sensor of 'danger' is reversed: too much inflammation can be dangerous to the host, causing immunopathological conditions such as sepsis and autoimmune disease. Innate responses, therefore, are controlled by many complex mechanisms, the best understood being those that target Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling.