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Lampreys express a diverse repertoire of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). Cooper and colleagues (p 319) identify VLRB-producing cells that resemble mammalian B cells in the lamprey. A lamprey is shown in the foreground, and lamprey gill tissues immunostained for VLRB (green) and BrdU (red) are shown in the background; nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). Artwork by Lewis Long.
The United States has suffered years of anti-science policy under the Bush regime. In this year of US presidential elections, scientists have an even greater obligation to make science policy part of the election campaign.
The American Association of Immunologists sponsors summer fellowships for high school and middle school teachers in the laboratories of its members. New curricula developed through the program are expected to enhance secondary school science education throughout the United States.
Basophils have long been suspected to be potent inducers of T helper type 2 differentiation. Sokol and colleagues now demonstrate that basophils are required for adoption of the T helper type 2 fate in vivo in response to allergens with protease activity.
Both activation and termination of transcription factor NF-κB signaling require ubiquitin modification of pathway components. The E3 ligase Itch teams up with the NF-κB inhibitor A20 to edit the composition of ubiquitin chains on the signaling adaptor RIP, thereby limiting inflammatory responses.
Naive T cells can spend hours 'sampling' dendritic cells before making a stable conjugate with a single dendritic cell. It is the antigen 'dose' that determines how long this process takes.
Two groups demonstrate proteolytic activity for MALT1, a component of the signaling pathway mediating antigen receptor–dependent stimulation of the transcription factor NF-κB, and identify its first substrates.
Kruppel-like factor 2 is now shown to regulate chemokine receptor expression in lymphocytes, which leads to their homing to nonlymphoid organs after they leave the thymus.