1. You-Me Kim, Melanie M. Brinkmann and Hidde L. Ploegh are with the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Boston, Massachusetts 02142, USA. e-mail: ploegh@wi.mit.edu

Abstract

Toll-like receptors respond to ligands embedded in pathogen-derived macromolecules to induce immune responses. Binding of a stimulatory ligand to preexisting dimers of Toll-like receptor 9 induces conformational changes that lead to their full activation.

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