1. David G. Schatz is with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. e-mail: david.schatz@yale.edu

Abstract

AID acts to further refine the immunoglobulin response in fish, birds and mammals. Now, evidence is uncovered to suggest AID actually arose early in evolution and can diversify antigen receptors in lampreys.

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