Nature Immunology 7, 131 - 137 (2006)
Published online: 19 January 2006; | doi:10.1038/ni1303
Innate immune recognition of viral infectionTaro Kawai1
& Shizuo Akira1, 21
Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. 2
Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
Correspondence should be addressed to Shizuo Akira sakira@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp Induction of the antiviral innate immune response depends on recognition of viral components by host pattern-recognition receptors. Members of the Toll-like receptor family have emerged as key sensors that recognize viral components such as nucleic acids. Toll-like receptor signaling results in the production of type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines and leads to dendritic cell maturation and establishment of antiviral immunity. Cells also express cytoplasmic RNA helicases that function as alternative pattern-recognition receptors through recognition of double-stranded RNA produced during virus replication. These two classes of pattern-recognition receptor molecules are expressed in different intracellular compartments and induce type I interferon responses via distinct signaling pathways.
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