Nature Immunology4, 435 - 441 (2003)
Published online: 7 April 2003; | doi:10.1038/ni918
The influence of transcriptional orientation on endogenous switch region function
Reiko Shinkura1, 2, Ming Tian1, 2, Michele Smith1, Katrin Chua1, Yuko Fujiwara1
& Frederick W. Alt1
1
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, The Center for Blood Research, and Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) takes place between large switch (S) regions that precede exons of the constant region. The precise functions of the S region are controversial, although transcription of the S region targets CSR. We have tested the effects of deletion, inversion and replacement of the endogenous 12-kilobase S1 region on CSR in vivo. Here we show that S1 is required for CSR, that CSR is effected by a 1-kilobase sequence that generates a G-rich transcript, and that inversion of S1 or the G-rich sequence decreases CSR. We conclude that S1 function is dependent on orientation and lacks an absolute requirement for common S region motifs. We propose that single-stranded DNA stabilized by transcription-dependent, higher order structures is a primary substrate of CSR.
1 region on CSR in vivo. Here we show that S
