Adjuvants and their signaling pathways: beyond TLRs
Egil Lien
& Douglas T Golenbock
Egil Lien and Douglas T. Golenbock are at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building 308, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, USA. egil.lien@umassmed.edu or douglas.golenbock@umassmed.edu
TLR ligands mediate adjuvant effects. Unlike lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C) is capable of using a TLR-Trif−independent pathway to induce costimulatory molecule upregulation on antigen-presenting cells.
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