TIRAP: an adapter molecule in the Toll signaling pathway
Tiffany Horng1, 2, Gregory M. Barton1, 2
& Ruslan Medzhitov1
1
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
2
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence should be addressed to Ruslan Medzhitov ruslan@yale.edu
Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved products of microbial metabolism and activate NF-B and other signaling pathways through the adapter protein MyD88. Although some cellular responses are completely abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, TLR4, but not TLR9, can activate NF-B and mitogen-activated protein kinases and induce dendritic cell maturation in the absence of MyD88. These differences suggest that another adapter must exist that can mediate MyD88-independent signaling in response to TLR4 ligation. We have identified and characterized a Toll−interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain−containing adapter protein (TIRAP) and have shown that it controls activation of MyD88-independent signaling pathways downstream of TLR4. We have also shown that the double-stranded RNA-binding protein kinase PKR is a component of both the TIRAP- and MyD88-dependent signaling pathways.
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B and other signaling pathways through the adapter protein MyD88. Although some cellular responses are completely abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, TLR4, but not TLR9, can activate NF-
