Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. (douglas.golenbock@umassmed.edu)
Although some cellular responses induced by TLRs are abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, TLR4, unlike TLR9, can still induce activation of NF-B and MAPKs. The discovery of a cytoplasmic adapter protein for TLR4, called TIRAP, helps explain this phenomenon.
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