Lessons learned - p1133

doi:10.1038/ni1109-1133

Additional work is needed to prepare for the next pandemic viral outbreak.

Full Text - Lessons learned | PDF (101 KB) - Lessons learned

Navigating the leukocyte signaling maze guided by Ariadne's thread - pp1134 - 1136

Amnon Altman, Gary A Koretzky & Constantine D Tsoukas

doi:10.1038/ni1109-1134

Ariadne is the legendary Minoan goddess of the Labyrinth. The term 'Ariadne's thread' is used to describe the understanding of complex issues. Immunologists attending the 5th Leukocyte Signal Transduction Workshop discussed the Ariadne's thread woven about intracellular signaling pathways.

Full Text - Navigating the leukocyte signaling maze guided by Ariadne's thread | PDF (217 KB) - Navigating the leukocyte signaling maze guided by Ariadne's thread

NDP52: the missing link between ubiquitinated bacteria and autophagy - pp1137 - 1139

Stanimir Ivanov & Craig R Roy

doi:10.1038/ni1109-1137

Mammalian cells ubiquitinate bacteria that erroneously enter the cytosol and target these intruding microbes for destruction by autophagy. New work shows that the protein NDP52 directly binds to ubiquitinated bacteria and facilitates the assembly of an autophagic membrane that surrounds these invaders.

Full Text - NDP52: the missing link between ubiquitinated bacteria and autophagy | PDF (889 KB) - NDP52: the missing link between ubiquitinated bacteria and autophagy

See also: Article by Thurston et al.

TLR2 joins the interferon gang - pp1139 - 1141

Franz Bauernfeind & Veit Hornung

doi:10.1038/ni1109-1139

The induction of type I interferon is a critical checkpoint in antiviral immunity. Toll-like receptor 2 can unexpectedly induce type I interferon in the subset of inflammatory monocytes during infection with vaccinia virus.

Full Text - TLR2 joins the interferon gang | PDF (336 KB) - TLR2 joins the interferon gang

See also: Article by Barbalat et al.

The gut feeling of T_reg cells: IL-10 is the silver lining during colitis - pp1141 - 1143

Derya Unutmaz & Bali Pulendran

doi:10.1038/ni1109-1141

Regulatory T cells that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are pivotal in suppressing autoimmune responses. A report in this issue describes a key role for interleukin 10 produced by lamina propria macrophages in maintaining Foxp3 expression during inflammatory responses in the intestine.

Full Text - The gut feeling of Treg cells: IL-10 is the silver lining during colitis | PDF (363 KB) - The gut feeling of Treg cells: IL-10 is the silver lining during colitis

See also: Article by Murai et al.

Positively selecting peptides: their job does not end in the thymus - pp1143 - 1144

Kai W Wucherpfennig & Etienne Gagnon

doi:10.1038/ni1109-1143

Peptides able to positively select major histocompatibility complex class II–restricted thymocytes have not yet been defined. Two new reports identify and ascribe important extrathymic functions to several positively selecting peptides for CD4⁺ T cells.

Full Text - Positively selecting peptides: their job does not end in the thymus | PDF (488 KB) - Positively selecting peptides: their job does not end in the thymus

See also: Article by Lo et al. | Article by Ebert et al.

Research Highlights - p1145

doi:10.1038/ni1109-1145

Full Text - Research Highlights | PDF (71 KB) - Research Highlights

A coming-of-age story: activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns 10 - pp1147 - 1153

Rebecca K Delker, Sebastian D Fugmann & F Nina Papavasiliou

doi:10.1038/ni.1799

Abstract - A coming-of-age story: activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns 10 | Full Text - A coming-of-age story: activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns 10 | PDF (285 KB) - A coming-of-age story: activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns 10

An endogenous peptide positively selects and augments the activation and survival of peripheral CD4⁺ T cells - pp1155 - 1161

Wan-Lin Lo, Nathan J Felix, James J Walters, Henry Rohrs, Michael L Gross & Paul M Allen

doi:10.1038/ni.1796

Endogenous peptides that positively select major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T cell receptors have not yet been identified. Groups led by Davis and Allen identify several such peptides and find that they influence activation and homeostasis of peripheral T cells.

Abstract - An endogenous peptide positively selects and augments the activation and survival of peripheral CD4: +: T cells | Full Text - An endogenous peptide positively selects and augments the activation and survival of peripheral CD4+ T cells | PDF (614 KB) - An endogenous peptide positively selects and augments the activation and survival of peripheral CD4+ T cells | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Wucherpfennig & Gagnon | Article by Ebert et al.

An endogenous positively selecting peptide enhances mature T cell responses and becomes an autoantigen in the absence of microRNA miR-181a - pp1162 - 1169

Peter J R Ebert, Shan Jiang, Jianming Xie, Qi-Jing Li & Mark M Davis

doi:10.1038/ni.1797

Endogenous peptides that positively select major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T cell receptors have not yet been identified. Groups led by Davis and Allen identify several such peptides and find that they influence activation and homeostasis of peripheral T cells.

Abstract - An endogenous positively selecting peptide enhances mature T cell responses and becomes an autoantigen in the absence of microRNA miR-181a | Full Text - An endogenous positively selecting peptide enhances mature T cell responses and becomes an autoantigen in the absence of microRNA miR-181a | PDF (882 KB) - An endogenous positively selecting peptide enhances mature T cell responses and becomes an autoantigen in the absence of microRNA miR-181a | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Wucherpfennig & Gagnon | Article by Lo et al.

Runx-CBF complexes control expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in regulatory T cells - pp1170 - 1177

Dipayan Rudra, Takeshi Egawa, Mark M W Chong, Piper Treuting, Dan R Littman & Alexander Y Rudensky

doi:10.1038/ni.1795

In regulatory T cells, a decrease in expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 results in loss of suppressor function. Rudensky and co-workers find that Runx-CBF complexes are essential for maintaining Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells.

Abstract - Runx-CBF[beta] complexes control expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in regulatory T cells | Full Text - Runx-CBF complexes control expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in regulatory T cells | PDF (1,224 KB) - Runx-CBF complexes control expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in regulatory T cells | Supplementary information

Interleukin 10 acts on regulatory T cells to maintain expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 and suppressive function in mice with colitis - pp1178 - 1184

Masako Murai, Olga Turovskaya, Gisen Kim, Rajat Madan, Christopher L Karp, Hilde Cheroutre & Mitchell Kronenberg

doi:10.1038/ni.1791

Interleukin 10–deficient mice develop spontaneous colitis. Kronenberg and colleagues find that interleukin 10 released by myeloid cells in the intestine is needed to maintain expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in regulatory T cells.

Abstract - Interleukin 10 acts on regulatory T cells to maintain expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 and suppressive function in mice with colitis | Full Text - Interleukin 10 acts on regulatory T cells to maintain expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 and suppressive function in mice with colitis | PDF (900 KB) - Interleukin 10 acts on regulatory T cells to maintain expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 and suppressive function in mice with colitis | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Unutmaz & Pulendran

Interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 promote tolerance by blocking the TCR–induced stop signal - pp1185 - 1192

Brian T Fife, Kristen E Pauken, Todd N Eagar, Takashi Obu, Jenny Wu, Qizhi Tang, Miyuki Azuma, Matthew F Krummel & Jeffrey A Bluestone

doi:10.1038/ni.1790

The inhibitory protein PD-1 is expressed on activated T cells. Fife and colleagues find that interactions between PD-1 and its ligand PD-1L are needed to maintain tolerance and prevent interactions between tolerized T cells and dendritic cells.

Abstract - Interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 promote tolerance by blocking the TCR-induced stop signal | Full Text - Interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 promote tolerance by blocking the TCR–induced stop signal | PDF (904 KB) - Interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 promote tolerance by blocking the TCR–induced stop signal | Supplementary information

Chemokine CXCL13 is essential for lymph node initiation and is induced by retinoic acid and neuronal stimulation - pp1193 - 1199

Serge A van de Pavert, Brenda J Olivier, Gera Goverse, Mark F Vondenhoff, Mascha Greuter, Patrick Beke, Kim Kusser, Uta E Höpken, Martin Lipp, Karen Niederreither, Rune Blomhoff, Kasia Sitnik, William W Agace, Troy D Randall, Wouter J de Jonge & Reina E Mebius

doi:10.1038/ni.1789

Embryonic lymph node formation requires lymphoid tissue–inducer cells. Mebius and colleagues show that neurons adjacent to lymph anlagen synthesize retinoic acid, which triggers expression of the chemokine CXCL13 needed for the initial attraction of lymphoid tissue–inducer cells.

Abstract - Chemokine CXCL13 is essential for lymph node initiation and is induced by retinoic acid and neuronal stimulation | Full Text - Chemokine CXCL13 is essential for lymph node initiation and is induced by retinoic acid and neuronal stimulation | PDF (908 KB) - Chemokine CXCL13 is essential for lymph node initiation and is induced by retinoic acid and neuronal stimulation | Supplementary information

Toll-like receptor 2 on inflammatory monocytes induces type I interferon in response to viral but not bacterial ligands - pp1200 - 1207

Roman Barbalat, Laura Lau, Richard M Locksley & Gregory M Barton

doi:10.1038/ni.1792

Bacterial ligands cannot induce Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent production of type I interferon. Barton and colleagues find that, in contrast, viral ligands trigger TLR2-dependent interferon production by a subset of inflammatory monocytes.

Abstract - Toll-like receptor 2 on inflammatory monocytes induces type I interferon in response to viral but not bacterial ligands | Full Text - Toll-like receptor 2 on inflammatory monocytes induces type I interferon in response to viral but not bacterial ligands | PDF (1,391 KB) - Toll-like receptor 2 on inflammatory monocytes induces type I interferon in response to viral but not bacterial ligands | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Bauernfeind & Hornung

CARD9 facilitates microbe-elicited production of reactive oxygen species by regulating the LyGDI-Rac1 complex - pp1208 - 1214

Weihui Wu, Yen-Michael S Hsu, Liangkuan Bi, Zhou Songyang & Xin Lin

doi:10.1038/ni.1788

The precise mechanisms by which the adaptor CARD9 facilitates resistance to bacterial infection remain unclear. Lin and colleagues document a role for CARD9 in the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species.

Abstract - CARD9 facilitates microbe-elicited production of reactive oxygen species by regulating the LyGDI-Rac1 complex | Full Text - CARD9 facilitates microbe-elicited production of reactive oxygen species by regulating the LyGDI-Rac1 complex | PDF (1,187 KB) - CARD9 facilitates microbe-elicited production of reactive oxygen species by regulating the LyGDI-Rac1 complex | Supplementary information

The TBK1 adaptor and autophagy receptor NDP52 restricts the proliferation of ubiquitin-coated bacteria - pp1215 - 1221

Teresa L M Thurston, Grigory Ryzhakov, Stuart Bloor, Natalia von Muhlinen & Felix Randow

doi:10.1038/ni.1800

Polyubiquitin moieties often accumulate on bacteria that colonize the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. Randow and co-workers find that the protein NDP52 recognizes these ubiquitin moieties, and is needed for the control and autophagy of cytoplasmic bacteria.

Abstract - The TBK1 adaptor and autophagy receptor NDP52 restricts the proliferation of ubiquitin-coated bacteria | Full Text - The TBK1 adaptor and autophagy receptor NDP52 restricts the proliferation of ubiquitin-coated bacteria | PDF (940 KB) - The TBK1 adaptor and autophagy receptor NDP52 restricts the proliferation of ubiquitin-coated bacteria | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Ivanov & Roy