A long way to go... - p1035

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1035

Federal policy on human embryonic stem cell research must become bolder to truly support progress in the field.

Full Text - A long way to go... | PDF (102 KB) - A long way to go...

Knighting immunology - p1037

Stefan H E Kaufmann

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1037

Full Text - Knighting immunology | PDF (133 KB) - Knighting immunology

Renaissance for mouse models of human hematopoiesis and immunobiology - pp1039 - 1042

Markus G Manz & James P Di Santo

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1039

More than 20 years after the first successful engraftment of human leukocytes and hematopoietic organs in mice, scientists met for the 2nd International Workshop on Humanized Mice to discuss progress and to highlight expectations in this dynamic field.

Full Text - Renaissance for mouse models of human hematopoiesis and immunobiology | PDF (387 KB) - Renaissance for mouse models of human hematopoiesis and immunobiology

The immune system as an invisible, silent Grand Fugue - pp1043 - 1045

Luke A J O'Neill & Cliona O'Farrelly

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1043

The Science Gallery, Trinity College Dublin, recently held an exhibition called "INFECTIOUS: STAY AWAY" that used art to illustrate infection and immunity. Luke O'Neill talks to one of the artists, Gordana Novakovic, about her involvement in this project.

Full Text - The immune system as an invisible, silent Grand Fugue | PDF (230 KB) - The immune system as an invisible, silent Grand Fugue

The importance of being earnestly selfish - pp1047 - 1049

Hilde Cheroutre, Daniel Mucida & Florence Lambolez

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1047

Agonist encounter can divert thymocytes into several unconventional T cell subsets, many of which exhibit regulatory properties. Unexpected findings indicate that agonist selection can drive the differentiation of interleukin 17–producing cells in the thymus.

Full Text - The importance of being earnestly selfish | PDF (425 KB) - The importance of being earnestly selfish

See also: Article by Marks et al.

New DNA-sensing pathway feeds RIG-I with RNA - pp1049 - 1051

Xuetao Cao

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1049

Cytosolic DNA sensors have remained poorly defined so far. Two recent studies identify a previously undefined cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway that depends on the RNA polymerase III–mediated conversion of microbial DNA into 5'-triphosphate double-stranded RNA that activates the RNA helicase RIG-I.

Full Text - New DNA-sensing pathway feeds RIG-I with RNA | PDF (771 KB) - New DNA-sensing pathway feeds RIG-I with RNA

See also: Article by Ablasser et al.

A defining factor for natural killer cell development - pp1051 - 1052

James P Di Santo

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1051

Transcription factors are critical regulators of cell fate in the hemato-lymphoid system. New evidence indicates that the basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 (also known as NFIL3) is essential for natural killer cell specification.

Full Text - A defining factor for natural killer cell development | PDF (296 KB) - A defining factor for natural killer cell development

See also: Article by Gascoyne et al.

Beyond peptidoglycan for Nod2 - pp1053 - 1054

Peter J Murray

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1053

Nod2 is a cytoplasmic Nod-like receptor protein that detects the peptidoglycan subfragment muramyl dipeptide. New work shows that Nod2 also has an important role in recognizing viruses and in triggering interferon production during viral infection.

Full Text - Beyond peptidoglycan for Nod2 | PDF (580 KB) - Beyond peptidoglycan for Nod2

See also: Article by Sabbah et al.

Research Highlights - p1055

doi:10.1038/ni1009-1055

Full Text - Research Highlights | PDF (70 KB) - Research Highlights

The cunning little vixen: Foxo and the cycle of life and death - pp1057 - 1063

Stephen M Hedrick

doi:10.1038/ni.1784

Abstract - The cunning little vixen: Foxo and the cycle of life and death | Full Text - The cunning little vixen: Foxo and the cycle of life and death | PDF (366 KB) - The cunning little vixen: Foxo and the cycle of life and death

RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III–transcribed RNA intermediate - pp1065 - 1072

Andrea Ablasser, Franz Bauernfeind, Gunther Hartmann, Eicke Latz, Katherine A Fitzgerald & Veit Hornung

doi:10.1038/ni.1779

After binding double-stranded RNA, RIG-I induces production of type 1 interferon. Hornung and colleagues find that RIG-I detects viral DNA via double-stranded RNA intermediates generated by RNA polymerase III.

Abstract - RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III-transcribed RNA intermediate | Full Text - RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III–transcribed RNA intermediate | PDF (500 KB) - RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III–transcribed RNA intermediate | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Cao

Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2 - pp1073 - 1080

Ahmed Sabbah, Te Hung Chang, Rosalinda Harnack, Victoria Frohlich, Kaoru Tominaga, Peter H Dube, Yan Xiang & Santanu Bose

doi:10.1038/ni.1782

The intracellular 'biosensor' Nod2 responds to bacterial peptidoglycan by inducing activation of the transcription factor NF-B. Bose and colleagues now find that Nod2 can also function as a cytoplasmic viral pattern-recognition receptor.

Abstract - Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2 | Full Text - Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2 | PDF (1,064 KB) - Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2 | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Murray

Carbohydrate-specific signaling through the DC-SIGN signalosome tailors immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV-1 and Helicobacter pylori - pp1081 - 1088

Sonja I Gringhuis, Jeroen den Dunnen, Manja Litjens, Michiel van der Vlist & Teunis B H Geijtenbeek

doi:10.1038/ni.1778

Different pathogens induce different cytokine production via the C-type lectin DC-SIGN. Geijtenbeek and colleagues show that distinct carbohydrates on the pathogen surface induce the assembly and use of distinct DC-SIGN signaling complexes.

Abstract - Carbohydrate-specific signaling through the DC-SIGN signalosome tailors immunity to : Mycobacterium tuberculosis: , HIV-1 and : Helicobacter pylori | Full Text - Carbohydrate-specific signaling through the DC-SIGN signalosome tailors immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV-1 and Helicobacter pylori | PDF (785 KB) - Carbohydrate-specific signaling through the DC-SIGN signalosome tailors immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV-1 and Helicobacter pylori | Supplementary information

Peli1 facilitates TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production - pp1089 - 1095

Mikyoung Chang, Wei Jin & Shao-Cong Sun

doi:10.1038/ni.1777

The role of Pellino proteins in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is not completely understood. Sun and colleagues now find that Pellino1 ubiquitinates the signaling molecule RIP1 and is essential for TRIF-dependent TLR signal transduction in mice.

Abstract - Peli1 facilitates TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production | Full Text - Peli1 facilitates TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production | PDF (1,063 KB) - Peli1 facilitates TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production | Supplementary information

Differences in the risk of celiac disease associated with HLA-DQ2.5 or HLA-DQ2.2 are related to sustained gluten antigen presentation - pp1096 - 1101

Lars-Egil Fallang, Elin Bergseng, Kinya Hotta, Axel Berg-Larsen, Chu-Young Kim & Ludvig M Sollid

doi:10.1038/ni.1780

Celiac disease is associated with HLA-DQ2.5 expression. Sollid and colleagues identify why this association exists by showing that binding of peptide to HLA-DQ2.5 is kinetically more stable.

Abstract - Differences in the risk of celiac disease associated with HLA-DQ2.5 or HLA-DQ2.2 are related to sustained gluten antigen presentation | Full Text - Differences in the risk of celiac disease associated with HLA-DQ2.5 or HLA-DQ2.2 are related to sustained gluten antigen presentation | PDF (733 KB) - Differences in the risk of celiac disease associated with HLA-DQ2.5 or HLA-DQ2.2 are related to sustained gluten antigen presentation | Supplementary information

Transcription elongation factor ELL2 directs immunoglobulin secretion in plasma cells by stimulating altered RNA processing - pp1102 - 1109

Kathleen Martincic, Serkan A Alkan, Alys Cheatle, Lisa Borghesi & Christine Milcarek

doi:10.1038/ni.1786

Antibody-secreting cells switch expression of membrane-bound B cell antigen receptors to soluble immunoglobulin production by alternative mRNA polyadenylation. Milcarek and colleagues show that ELL2 and CstF-64 associate with RNA polymerase II to enhance promoter-proximal polyadenylation and immunoglobulin secretion.

Abstract - Transcription elongation factor ELL2 directs immunoglobulin secretion in plasma cells by stimulating altered RNA processing | Full Text - Transcription elongation factor ELL2 directs immunoglobulin secretion in plasma cells by stimulating altered RNA processing | PDF (630 KB) - Transcription elongation factor ELL2 directs immunoglobulin secretion in plasma cells by stimulating altered RNA processing | Supplementary information

Ras orchestrates exit from the cell cycle and light-chain recombination during early B cell development - pp1110 - 1117

Malay Mandal, Sarah E Powers, Kyoko Ochiai, Katia Georgopoulos, Barbara L Kee, Harinder Singh & Marcus R Clark

doi:10.1038/ni.1785

How signals through the pre–B cell antigen receptor (pre-BCR) and IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) coordinate population expansion of pre-B cells with subsequent recombination of the immunoglobulin -chain locus is unclear. Clark and colleagues show that pre-BCR signaling via the Ras-MEK-Erk pathway poises pre–B cells to undergo differentiation after escaping IL-7R signaling.

Abstract - Ras orchestrates exit from the cell cycle and light-chain recombination during early B cell development | Full Text - Ras orchestrates exit from the cell cycle and light-chain recombination during early B cell development | PDF (1,095 KB) - Ras orchestrates exit from the cell cycle and light-chain recombination during early B cell development | Supplementary information

The basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 is essential for natural killer cell development - pp1118 - 1124

Duncan M Gascoyne, Elaine Long, Henrique Veiga-Fernandes, Jasper de Boer, Owen Williams, Benedict Seddon, Mark Coles, Dimitris Kioussis & Hugh J M Brady

doi:10.1038/ni.1787

Little is known about the transcription factors that facilitate NK cell differentiation. Brady and colleagues find that the basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4bp4 is essential for NK cell development in mice.

Abstract - The basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 is essential for natural killer cell development | Full Text - The basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 is essential for natural killer cell development | PDF (1,135 KB) - The basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 is essential for natural killer cell development | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Di Santo

Thymic self-reactivity selects natural interleukin 17–producing T cells that can regulate peripheral inflammation - pp1125 - 1132

Benjamin R Marks, Heba N Nowyhed, Jin-Young Choi, Amanda C Poholek, Jared M Odegard, Richard A Flavell & Joe Craft

doi:10.1038/ni.1783

Several unconventional T cell populations, including T cells and regulatory T cells, are selected by recognition of self antigen in the thymus. Craft and colleagues add T_H-17 cells to the list of T cell subsets enriched by self-reactivity.

Abstract - Thymic self-reactivity selects natural interleukin 17-producing T cells that can regulate peripheral inflammation | Full Text - Thymic self-reactivity selects natural interleukin 17–producing T cells that can regulate peripheral inflammation | PDF (978 KB) - Thymic self-reactivity selects natural interleukin 17–producing T cells that can regulate peripheral inflammation | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Cheroutre et al.