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Chemokines
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  Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in HIV Infection

Fusin/LESTR (CXCR4) discovery:

Cloning of a human seven-transmembrane domain receptor, LESTR, that is highly expressed in leukocytes.
Loetscher, M. et al.
Pubmed

First evidence that chemokines regulate HIV infection:

Identification of RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells.
Cocchi, F., DeVico, A. L., Garzino-Demo, A., Arya, S. K., Gallo, R. C. & Lusso, P.
Pubmed

Discovery of HIV coreceptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. Basis for the differentiation of R5 and X4 HIV strains:

HIV-1 entry cofactor: Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor.
Feng, Y., Broder, C. C., Kennedy, P. E. & Berger, E. A.
Pubmed
MIP-1? receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1.
Alkhatib, G. et al. CC CKRS: A RANTES, MIP-1?,
Pubmed
Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1.
Deng, H., Liu, R., Ellmeier, W., Choe, S., Unutmaz, D., Burkhart, M., Di Marzio, P., Marmon, S., Sutton, R. E., Hill, C. M., Davis, C. B., Peiper, S. C., Schall, T. J., Littman, D. R., Landau, N. R. et al.
Pubmed
HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5.
Dragic, T., Litwin, V., Allaway, G. P., Martin, S. R., Huang, Y., Nagashima, K. A., Cayanan, C., Maddon, P. J., Koup, R. A., Moore, J. P., Paxton, W. A. et al.
Pubmed
Molecular cloning and functional expression of a new human CC-chemokine receptor gene.
Samson, M., Labbe, O., Mollereau, C., Vassart, G. & Parmentier, M.
Pubmed
The β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates.
Choe, H., Farzan, M., Sun, Y., Sullivan, N., Rollins, B., Ponath, P. D., Wu, L., Mackay, C. R., LaRosa, G., Newman, W., Gerard, N., Gerard, C. & Sodroski, J.
Pubmed
A dual tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the ?-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion co-factors.
Doranz, B. J., Rucker, J., Yi, Y., Smyth, R. J., Samson, M., Peiper, S. C., Parmentier, M., Collman, R.G. & Doms, R. W.
Pubmed

CXCL12 (formerly SDF-1) is the ligand for CXCR4 and inhibits CXCR4-mediated HIV infection:

The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry.
Bleul, C. C., Farzan, M., Choe, H., Parolin, C., Clark-Lewis, I., Sodroski, J. & Springer, T. A.
Pubmed
The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1.
Oberlin, E., Amara, A., Bachelerie, F., Bessia, C., Virelizier, J. L., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Schwartz, O.,Heard, J. M., Clark-Lewis, I., Legler, D. F., Loetscher, M., Baggiolini, M. & Moser, B.
Pubmed

Demonstration that lack of functional CCR5 expression in humans increases resistance to HIV infection:

Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection.
Liu, R., Paxton, W. A., Choe, S., Ceradini, D., Martin, S. R., Horuk, R., MacDonald, M. E., Stuhlmann, H., Koup, R. A. & Landau, N. R.
Pubmed
Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene.
Samson, M., Libert, F., Doranz, B. J., Rucker, J., Liesnard, C., Farber, C. M., Saragosti, S., Lapoumeroulie, C., Cognaux, J., Forceille, C., Muyldermans, G., Verhofstede, C., Burtonboy, G., Georges, M., Imai, T., Rana, S., Yi, Y., Smyth, R. J., Collman, R. G., Doms, R. W., Vassart, G. & Parmentier, M.
Pubmed
Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene.
Dean, M., Carrington, M., Winkler, C., Huttley, G. A., Smith, M. W., Allikmets, R., Goedert, J. J., Buchbinder, S. P., Vittinghoff, E., Gomperts, E., Donfield, S., Vlahov, D., Kaslow, R., Saah, A., Rinaldo, C., Detels, R. & O'Brien, S. J.
Pubmed

First demonstration that HIV infection can be prevented by HIV coreceptor antagonists:

HIV blocked by chemokine antagonist.
Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Virelizier, J. L., Rousset, D., Clark-Lewis, I., Loetscher, P., Moser, B. & Baggiolini, M. F.
Pubmed

First demonstration that HIV susceptibility decreases with chemokine receptor internalization:

HIV coreceptor downregulation as antiviral principle: SDF-1?-dependent internalization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 contributes to inhibition of HIV replication.
Amara, A., Gall, S. L., Schwartz, O., Salamero, J., Montes, M., Loetscher, P., Baggiolini, M., Virelizier, J. L. & Arenzana-Seisdedos, F.
Pubmed

Evidence that HIV envelope induces signals via chemokine receptors during infection:

Signal transduction due to HIV-1 envelope interactions with chemokine receptors CXCR4 or CCR5.
Davis, C. B., Dikic, I., Unutmaz, D., Hill, C. M., Arthos, J., Siani, M. A., Thompson, D. A., Schlessinger, J. & Littman, D. R.
Pubmed
Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, San Francisco City Cohort, ALIVE Study.
Dean, M., Carrington, M., Winkler, C., Huttley, G. A., Smith, M. W., Allikmets, R., Goedert, J. J., Buchbinder, S. P., Vittinghoff, E., Gomperts, E., Donfield, S., Vlahov, D., Kaslow, R., Sah, A., Rinaldo, C., Detels, R. & O'Brien, S. J.
Pubmed
Inherited resistance to HIV-1 conferred by an inactivating mutation in CC chemokine receptor 5: studies in populations with contrasting clinical phenotypes, defined racial background, and quantified risk.
Zimmerman, P. A., Buckler-White, A., Alkhatib, G., Spalding, T., Kubofcik, J., Combadiere, C., Weissman, D., Cohen, O., Rubbert, A., Lam, G., Vaccarezza, M., Kennedy, P. E., Kumaraswami, V., Giorgi, J. V., Detels, R., Hunter, J., Chopek, M., Berger, E. A., Fauci, A. S., Nutman, T. B. & Murphy, P. M.
Pubmed
 
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Nature Immunology
ISSN: 1529-2908
EISSN: 1529-2916
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