Abstract
The formation of the Earth's continents is enigmatic. Volcanic arc magmas generated above subduction zones have geochemical compositions that are similar to continental crust, implying that arc magmatic processes played a central role in generating continental crust. Yet the deep crust within volcanic arcs has a very different composition from crust at similar depths beneath the continents. It is therefore unclear how arc crust is transformed into continental crust. The densest parts of arc lower crust may delaminate and become recycled into the underlying mantle. Here we show, however, that even after delamination, arc lower crust still has significantly different trace element contents from continental lower crust. We suggest that it is not delamination that determines the composition of continental crust, but relamination. In our conceptual model, buoyant magmatic rocks generated at arcs are subducted. Then, upon heating at depth, they ascend and are relaminated at the base of the overlying crust. A review of the average compositions of buoyant magmatic rocks — lavas and plutons — sampled from the Aleutians, Izu–Bonin–Marianas, Kohistan and Talkeetna arcs reveals that they fall within the range of estimated major and trace elements in lower continental crust. Relamination may thus provide an efficient process for generating lower continental crust.
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Acknowledgements
We thank B. Hacker and O. Jagoutz for input and inspiration. This paper benefited from suggestions from C. Chauvel. The work was supported by NSF Research Grants EAR 13-16333 (M.D.B.), OCE 11-44759 (P.B.K.) and OCE 13-58091 (P.B.K.).
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P.B.K. formulated the hypothesis and compiled geochemical data. M.D.B. performed Perple_X calculations of density for metamorphic xenolith, massif and arc samples. P.B.K. wrote the text and prepared the figures.
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Supplementary Table 1
Estimated composition of Aleutian and Izu-Bonin-Mariana lower crust and bulk crust. (XLSX 151 kb)
Supplementary Table 2
Experimental data and mixing calculations, demonstrating products of three distinct paths to produce high Mg# andesites and dacites with compositions similar to continental crust, as illustrated in Supplementary Figure 4. (XLSX 47 kb)
Supplementary Table 3
Average compositions of continental, Aleutian, Izu-Bonin-Mariana, Talkeetna and Kohistan igneous rocks, and of the buoyant fraction with calculated densities < pyrolite (3,377 kg m-3) at 700°C, 3 GPa. (XLSX 122 kb)
Supplementary Table 4
All data used in this paper, including calculated densities. (XLSX 4944 kb)
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Kelemen, P., Behn, M. Formation of lower continental crust by relamination of buoyant arc lavas and plutons. Nature Geosci 9, 197–205 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2662
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2662
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