Abstract
The Hawaiian Islands are the classic example of hotspot volcanism: the island chain formed progressively as the Pacific plate moved across a fixed mantle plume1. However, some observations2 are inconsistent with simple, vertical upwelling beneath a thermally defined plate and the nature of plume-plate interaction is debated. Here we use S-to-P seismic receiver functions, measured using a network of land and seafloor seismometers, to image the base of a melt-rich zone located 110 to 155 km beneath Hawaii. We find that this melt-rich zone is deepest 100 km west of Hawaii, implying that the plume impinges on the plate here and causes melting at greater depths in the mantle, rather than directly beneath the island. We infer that the plume either naturally upwells vertically beneath western Hawaii, or that it is instead deflected westwards by a compositionally depleted root that was generated beneath the island as it formed. The offset of the Hawaiian plume adds complexity to the classical model of a fixed plume that ascends vertically to the surface, and suggests that mantle melts beneath intraplate volcanoes may be guided by pre-existing structures beneath the islands.
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Acknowledgements
We thank B. Schmandt for a helpful review. We thank K. Davis for assistance with the interpretive schematic. We acknowledge financial support from the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (NE/G013438/1).
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G.L. initiated and deployed the PLUME seismic experiment, calculated station orientations and provided regional expertise and surface wave velocity model. P.M.S. initiated the project and provided reflectivity code for seismic modelling of OBS data. C.A.R. carried out receiver function imaging and modelling and wrote the paper. N.H. carried out geodynamic modelling. C.A.R. and N.H. made figures and developed interpretation. All authors contributed to the manuscript at all stages.
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Rychert, C., Laske, G., Harmon, N. et al. Seismic imaging of melt in a displaced Hawaiian plume. Nature Geosci 6, 657–660 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1878
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1878
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